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Dear Readers, Daily Current Affairs Questions Quiz for SBI, IBPS, RBI, RRB, SSC Exam 2025 of 01st November 2025. Daily GK quiz online for bank & competitive exam. Here we have given the Daily Current Affairs Quiz based on the previous days Daily Current Affairs updates. Candidates preparing for IBPS, SBI, RBI, RRB, SSC Exam 2025 & other competitive exams can make use of these Current Affairs Quiz.
1) The 2024–25 Foreign Liabilities and Assets (FLA) Census released by RBI in October 2025 showed that which two countries together accounted for over one-third of India’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows?
(a) USA and Singapore
(b) USA and Mauritius
(c) Singapore and United Kingdom
(d) Mauritius and Netherlands
(e) Singapore and UAE
2) In news, SEBI’s consultation paper proposing changes to mutual fund fees seeks to reform which regulatory framework?
(a) SEBI (Investment Advisers) Regulations, 2013
(b) SEBI (Alternative Investment Funds) Regulations, 2012
(c) SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996
(d) SEBI (Portfolio Managers) Regulations, 2020
(e) SEBI (Depositories and Participants) Regulations, 2018
3) In October 2025, which institution approved a USD 460 million results-based loan for the ‘Maharashtra Power Distribution Enhancement Program for Agricultural Solarization’?
(a) World Bank
(b) Asian Development Bank (ADB)
(c) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
(d) New Development Bank (NDB)
(e) Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
4) Which key technology requirement has RBI proposed for banks to reduce manual intervention in cross-border remittance processing under the 29 October 2025 draft circular?
(a) Blockchain-based processing for all remittances
(b) Mandatory AI-based fraud scoring for remitters
(c) Straight-Through Processing (STP) for end-to-end automation
(d) Cloud migration of all remittance systems
(e) Biometric validation for each inbound remittance
5) In October 2025, SBI Foundation launched the SMART-CROP (Sustainable Monitoring and Real-time Tracking for Crop Resilience and Optimal Practices) project to support smallholder farmers. Which organizations are collaborating on this initiative?
(a) ICAR, NABARD, and AgriStack
(b) UAS, ICRISAT, and Agribridge
(c) FAO, World Bank, and NABCONS
(d) Ministry of Agriculture, ISRO, and AgriTech India
(e) NITI Aayog, IRRI, and Digital Green
6) The Federal Reserve’s latest rate cut in 2025 brought the benchmark interest rate to which target range?
(a) 4.50%–4.75%
(b) 4.00%–4.25%
(c) 2.75%–4.00%
(d) 3.25%–3.50%
(e) 3.75%–4.00%
7) In October 2025, IA Fintech IFSC Pvt Ltd received in-principle approval from IFSCA to operate as a Payment Service Provider at GIFT-IFSC. Which services was it approved to offer?
(a) Domestic UPI switching, FASTag acquiring, and IMPS settlement
(b) Escrow Services, Cross-Border Money Transfers, and Merchant Acquisition
(c) Retail banking, credit card issuance, and wealth management
(d) Crypto trading services and digital asset custody only
(e) Insurance distribution, pension advisory, and mutual fund broking
8) The Reserve Bank-Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS), launched on November 12, 2021, unified which earlier ombudsman mechanisms?
(a) Banking Ombudsman Scheme and NBFC Ombudsman Scheme only
(b) Banking Ombudsman Scheme, Digital Transactions Ombudsman Scheme, and Microfinance Ombudsman Scheme
(c) Banking Ombudsman Scheme (2006), NBFC Ombudsman Scheme (2018), and Digital Transactions Ombudsman Scheme (2019)
(d) NBFC Ombudsman Scheme, Credit Information Company Ombudsman Scheme, and Payment Banks Ombudsman Scheme
(e) Digital Transactions Ombudsman Scheme, UPI Ombudsman Scheme, and Payment Banks Ombudsman Scheme
9) At the Eighth International Solar Alliance (ISA) Assembly in New Delhi, which initiative was launched to advance global solar grid connectivity across continents?
(a) SUNRISE
(b) ISA Academy
(c) OSOWOG – One Sun One World One Grid
(d) Global Capability Centre
(e) SIDS Procurement Platform
10) Which initiative did Union Minister Piyush Goyal emphasize while urging India to reduce dependence on foreign technologies at the TiEcon Delhi-NCR 2025 Conference?
(a) Make in India
(b) Startup India
(c) Digital India
(d) Skill India
(e) National Logistics Policy
11) To mark the 150th birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, what did Prime Minister Narendra Modi launch at Kevadia, Gujarat?
(a) ₹500 denomination coin and commemorative medal
(b) ₹150 denomination commemorative coin and a special postage stamp
(c) ₹150 postage stamp only
(d) Silver coin series on freedom fighters
(e) ₹150 digital token for tourism promotion
12) As per the news, Professor Ravindra Korisettar, honoured with the Rajyotsava Award 2025, is renowned for his contributions in which field?
(a) Environmental science
(b) Archaeology and historical research
(c) Literature and linguistics
(d) Biotechnology and genomics
(e) Classical music and performing arts
13) Which platform selected “67” as the Word of the Year 2025, marking the first numeric choice in its history?
(a) Oxford Languages
(b) Merriam-Webster
(c) Collins Dictionary
(d) Dictionary.com
(e) Cambridge Dictionary
14) At which venue was the 19th Mid-Term Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) held in October 2025?
(a) New Delhi, India
(b) Belgrade, Serbia
(c) Kampala, Uganda
(d) Nairobi, Kenya
(e) Jakarta, Indonesia
15) Who has been appointed as the 53rd Chief Justice of India (CJI), effective 24 November 2025?
(a) Justice DY Chandrachud
(b) Justice BR Gavai
(c) Justice Surya Kant
(d) Justice NV Ramana
(e) Justice UU Lalit
16) Who won the 2025 Presidential Election in Cameroon, securing 53.7% of the votes?
(a) Issa Tchiroma Bakary
(b) Maurice Kamto
(c) Joshua Osih
(d) Cabral Libii
(e) Paul Biya
17) In October 2025, scientists began the AmazonFACE project in the Amazon rainforest to study how rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels will affect the world’s largest tropical forest. Which organisation is leading the AmazonFACE project launched in October 2025?
(a) NASA
(b) National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)
(c) World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
(d) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
(e) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
18) Which nuclear-powered Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) did Russia announce successful testing of in October 2025?
(a) Kanyon-6
(b) Borei-A
(c) Tsirkon
(d) Poseidon
(e) Belgorod
19) Which aircraft did Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) receive exclusive rights to manufacture in India under its MoU with Russia’s PJSC-UAC in October 2025?
(a) Sukhoi Superjet 100 (SJ-100)
(b) Irkut MC-21
(c) Boeing 737 MAX
(d) Airbus A220
(e) Avro HS 748
20) During India Maritime Week (IMW) 2025, which major project did the Visakhapatnam Port Authority (VPA) and the Government of Andhra Pradesh sign an MoU for?
(a) Deep-sea fishing infrastructure project in Kakinada
(b) Mega port-cum-shipbuilding and ship repair cluster at Dugarajapatnam
(c) LNG import terminal at Krishnapatnam
(d) Cruise terminal development at Visakhapatnam
(e) Green hydrogen bunkering hub at Machilipatnam
21) Who recently became Punjab’s second-ever International Master (IM) in chess by securing his final IM norm at the 3rd Annemasse International Masters Tournament in France?
(a) Dushyant Sharma
(b) Arjun Erigaisi
(c) Namitbir Singh Walia
(d) Bharath Subramaniyam
(e) Gukesh D
22) In news, World Vegan Day 2025 was observed on which date, and who originally coined the term “Vegan” in 1944?
(a) 31 October 2025; Albert Schweitzer
(b) 1 November 2025; Donald Watson and Dorothy Morgan
(c) 1 November 2025; Louise Wallis
(d) 2 November 2025; Mahatma Gandhi and Sarojini Naidu
(e) 31 October 2025; George Bernard Shaw
23) As per the news, All Saints’ Day 2025 is observed on which date, and who first decided to celebrate it in 609 A.D.?
(a) 31 October 2025; Pope Gregory I
(b) 13 May 2025; Pope Leo I
(c) 2 November 2025; Pope Pius V
(d) 1 November 2025; Pope Urban II
(e) 1 November 2025; Pope Boniface IV
24) In news, Paraguay achieved a key milestone in global renewable energy cooperation by becoming the ______ full member of the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
(a) 90th
(b) 95th
(c) 100th
(d) 105th
(e) 110th
25) In news, Harsh Sanghavi was sworn in as the DeputyChief Minister of which Indian state on 17 October 2025?
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Gujarat
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Madhya Pradesh
(e) Haryana
Answers :
1) Answer: A
Short Explanation:
In October 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released the provisional results of the 2024–25 Annual Census on Foreign Liabilities and Assets (FLA).
As per the census, the United States (USA) and Singapore together accounted for over one-third of India’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) during 2024–25.
Detailed Explanation:
In October 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released the provisional results of the 2024–25 Annual Census on Foreign Liabilities and Assets (FLA).
As per the census, the United States (USA) and Singapore together accounted for over one-third of India’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) during 2024–25.
The FLA Census covers cross-border liabilities and assets of Indian entities including companies, LLPs, AIFs, and partnership firms with inward/outward direct investment (DI).
Out of 45,702 participating entities, 41,517 reported FDI and/or ODI in their balance sheets as of March 2025.
Of these, 33,637 entities had also reported in the previous census, while 7,880 newly reported in 2024–25.
Over three-fourths of the entities with inward investment were subsidiaries of foreign companies.
Top FDI sources: USA (20%), Singapore (14.3%), Mauritius (13.3%), United Kingdom (11.2%), and Netherlands (9%).
2) Answer: C
Short Explanation:
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) released a consultation paper proposing a comprehensive revamp of the mutual fund fee framework in India to make charges clearer, fairer, and more beneficial for investors.
The reforms aim to simplify rules, enhance transparency, and lower costs for unit holders under the SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996.
Detailed Explanation:
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) released a consultation paper proposing a comprehensive revamp of the mutual fund fee framework in India to make charges clearer, fairer, and more beneficial for investors.
The reforms aim to simplify rules, enhance transparency, and lower costs for unit holders under the SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996.
Taxes and government levies like Securities Transaction Tax (STT), Goods & Services Tax (GST), and stamp duty will be excluded from the Total Expense Ratio (TER) and shown separately, to be charged directly to investors.
SEBI proposed removing the temporary 5 basis points (bps) additional expense currently charged by Asset Management Companies (AMCs) on their Assets Under Management (AUM).
3) Answer: B
Short Explanation:
In October 2025, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved a USD 460 million results-based loan for the ‘Maharashtra Power Distribution Enhancement Program for Agricultural Solarization’ to strengthen rural power infrastructure and promote solar-powered irrigation.
Detailed Explanation:
In October 2025, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved a USD 460 million results-based loan for the ‘Maharashtra Power Distribution Enhancement Program for Agricultural Solarization’ to strengthen rural power infrastructure and promote solar-powered irrigation.
An additional USD 40 million concessional loan from the Clean Technology Fund (CTF), administered by ADB, will complement the program.
The program aims to transform rural power infrastructure, promote renewable energy adoption, and enhance agricultural productivity through reliable daytime solar power.
4) Answer: C
Short Explanation:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released a draft circular (dated 29 October 2025) proposing a major update to India’s cross-border payment framework to ensure faster and more transparent remittance processing.
The proposal mandates straight-through processing (STP) — a fully automated system to reduce manual errors and transaction delays.
Detailed Explanation:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released a draft circular (dated 29 October 2025) proposing a major update to India’s cross-border payment framework to ensure faster and more transparent remittance processing.
Banks must credit foreign remittances on the same business day if received during forex market hours, and credit them the next business day if received after market hours.
The proposal mandates straight-through processing (STP) — a fully automated system to reduce manual errors and transaction delays.
Nostro account reconciliation must be performed in near real-time, with intervals not exceeding 30 minutes, ensuring timely fund tracking and accuracy.
Banks are advised to offer digital platforms where customers can upload documents and track transaction status online, enhancing user convenience and transparency.
5) Answer: B
Short Explanation:
In October 2025, the SBI Foundation, CSR arm of State Bank of India (SBI), launched the SMART-CROP (Sustainable Monitoring and Real-time Tracking for Crop Resilience and Optimal Practices) project in Hyderabad, Telangana.
The project was launched in collaboration with University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), and Agribridge.
Detailed Explanation:
In October 2025, the SBI Foundation, CSR arm of State Bank of India (SBI), launched the SMART-CROP (Sustainable Monitoring and Real-time Tracking for Crop Resilience and Optimal Practices) project in Hyderabad, Telangana.
The project was launched in collaboration with University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), and Agribridge.
It is a three-year initiative supported under SBI Foundation’s LEAP (Livelihood and Entrepreneurship Accelerator Programme).
The project aims to strengthen the resilience and productivity of over 8,000 smallholder farmers in Karnataka (Bidar, Kalaburagi, Raichur) and Telangana (Sangareddy, Vikarabad).
6) Answer: E
Short Explanation:
The Federal Reserve cut its benchmark interest rate for the second time in 2025, lowering the target range to 3.75%–4.00% to support a cooling labor market amid persistent inflation and internal policy disagreements.
Detailed Explanation:
The Federal Reserve cut its benchmark interest rate for the second time in 2025, lowering the target range to 3.75%–4.00% to support a cooling labor market amid persistent inflation and internal policy disagreements.
The move highlights the Fed’s balancing act between protecting employment and containing inflation, which remains above the 2% target despite recent moderation.
The rate cut was prompted by weakening labor market signals, including slower job creation and rising unemployment claims, raising concerns of a potential economic slowdown.
7) Answer: B
Short Explanation:
In October 2025, IA Fintech IFSC Private Limited (IA Fintech), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Infibeam Avenues Limited (IAL), received in-principle approval from the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) to operate as a Payment Service Provider (PSP) at GIFT-IFSC, Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
IA Fintech was approved to offer Escrow Services, Cross-Border Money Transfers, and Merchant Acquisition within the GIFT-IFSC ecosystem, subject to final authorization.
Detailed Explanation:
In October 2025, IA Fintech IFSC Private Limited (IA Fintech), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Infibeam Avenues Limited (IAL), received in-principle approval from the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) to operate as a Payment Service Provider (PSP) at GIFT-IFSC, Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
IA Fintech was approved to offer Escrow Services, Cross-Border Money Transfers, and Merchant Acquisition within the GIFT-IFSC ecosystem, subject to final authorization.
The initiative aims to provide faster, cost-effective, and transparent digital payment and settlement solutions for businesses operating in GIFT-IFSC.
The approval marks a strategic expansion for Infibeam Avenues, creating a new revenue stream and supporting India’s goal to develop GIFT-IFSC as a global financial hub.
8) Answer: C
Short Explanation:
The Reserve Bank – Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS), 2021 was launched on November 12, 2021, integrating three earlier schemes — Banking Ombudsman Scheme (2006), NBFC Ombudsman Scheme (2018), and Digital Transactions Ombudsman Scheme (2019) — into one unified mechanism.
Detailed Explanation:
The Reserve Bank – Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS), 2021 was launched on November 12, 2021, integrating three earlier schemes — Banking Ombudsman Scheme (2006), NBFC Ombudsman Scheme (2018), and Digital Transactions Ombudsman Scheme (2019) — into one unified mechanism.
The scheme adopts the “One Nation, One Ombudsman” approach, making grievance redress jurisdiction-neutral and cost-free for customers.
Objective: To ensure speedy, cost-effective, and satisfactory redress of complaints involving deficiency in service by Regulated Entities (REs) such as banks, NBFCs, Payment System Participants (PSPs), and Credit Information Companies.
Deficiency in service means any shortcoming or inadequacy in financial services that an RE must provide, which may or may not cause financial loss.
9) Answer: C
Short Explanation:
OSOWOG (One Sun One World One Grid): Aims at global solar grid connectivity linking Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Africa, enabling 24/7 solar energy trade across time zones and reducing global carbon dependency.
Detailed Explanation:
SUNRISE (Solar Upcycling Network for Recycling, Innovation & Stakeholder Engagement): Focuses on solar waste upcycling and circular innovation, converting expired solar panels into green jobs and sustainable products.
OSOWOG (One Sun One World One Grid): Aims at global solar grid connectivity linking Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Africa, enabling 24/7 solar energy trade across time zones and reducing global carbon dependency.
Global Capability Centre (GCC): Serves as a hub for research, innovation, and startup development, creating a “Silicon Valley for Solar” in India.
ISA Academy: An AI-powered global learning platform offering customised education and training in solar technology.
SIDS Procurement Platform (for Small Island Developing States): Developed jointly with the World Bank, this platform enables joint solar procurement, ensuring low-cost and resilient solar energy systems for island nations.
10) Answer: A
Short Explanation:
Detailed Explanation:
The Second Edition of the Startup Fund of Funds, aimed at supporting early-stage deeptech startups.
The ₹1 lakh crore Anusandhan Fund, to finance research, product development, and transformative technologies in India.
11) Answer: B
Short Explanation:
Detailed Explanation:
12) Answer: B
Short Explanation:
Detailed Explanation:
13) Answer: D
Short Explanation:
Dictionary.com has chosen “67” — a number, not a traditional word — as its Word of the Year 2025, marking a first-ever numeric selection in the award’s history.
Detailed Explanation:
Dictionary.com has chosen “67” — a number, not a traditional word — as its Word of the Year 2025, marking a first-ever numeric selection in the award’s history.
The number symbolises Gen Z’s internet culture, representing absurdist humour, meme-driven slang, and the idea that “vibe” outweighs meaning in modern online communication.
The term “67” (pronounced six-seven, not sixty-seven) has no fixed meaning, but is used as a reaction or expression of mood, functioning like a shrug, inside joke, or punchline.
14) Answer: C
Short Explanation:
Union Minister of State (MoS) Kirti Vardhan Singh from the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)led the Indian delegation at the 19th Mid-Term Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) held in Kampala, Uganda.
The 19th NAM Mid-Term Ministerial Meeting took place from October 15–16, 2025, under the theme “Deepening Cooperation for Shared Global Affluence.”
Detailed Explanation:
Union Minister of State (MoS) Kirti Vardhan Singh from the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)led the Indian delegation at the 19th Mid-Term Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) held in Kampala, Uganda.
The 19th NAM Mid-Term Ministerial Meeting took place from October 15–16, 2025, under the theme “Deepening Cooperation for Shared Global Affluence.”
During the visit, MoS Kirti Vardhan Singh met Uganda’s President Yoweri Kaguta Museveni and discussed trade, investment, capacity building, healthcare, education, and digital transformation cooperation.
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was established in 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia) as a forum of developing nations advocating independence from major power blocs.
15) Answer: C
President Droupadi Murmu appointed Justice Surya Kant as the 53rd Chief Justice of India (CJI), effective 24 November 2025, following the recommendation of outgoing CJI Justice BR Gavai, whose tenure ends on 23 November 2025.
The appointment was officially announced by Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal, who extended congratulations via social media.
16) Answer: E
In October 2025, Paul Barthélemy Biya’a bi Mvondo, the Incumbent President of Cameroon representing the Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement (CPDM), won the 2025 Presidential Election, securing 53.7% of votes against Issa Tchiroma Bakary, who received 35.2%.
17) Answer: B
Short Explanation:
In October 2025, scientists began the AmazonFACE project in the Amazon rainforest to study how rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels will affect the world’s largest tropical forest.
The experiment is led by the National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA) with support from Universidade Estadual de Campinas and is located near Manaus, Brazil.
Detailed Explanation:
In October 2025, scientists began the AmazonFACE project in the Amazon rainforest to study how rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels will affect the world’s largest tropical forest.
The project aims to simulate future climate conditions and understand how the forest adapts to higher CO₂ levels.
The experiment is led by the National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA) with support from Universidade Estadual de Campinas and is located near Manaus, Brazil.
18) Answer: D
Short Explanation:
Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that Russia successfully tested its nuclear-powered “Poseidon” Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV), described as a “super weapon” due to its impossible-to-intercept capability.
Detailed Explanation:
Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that Russia successfully tested its nuclear-powered “Poseidon” Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV), described as a “super weapon” due to its impossible-to-intercept capability.
Poseidon, named after the Greek god of the sea, measures 20 metres in length, 1.8 metres in diameter, and weighs 100 tonnes.
The UUV, known to NATO as Kanyon (formerly Status-6), has an operational strike range of 10,000 km (6,200 miles) and can reach speeds up to 185 km/h.
19) Answer: A
Short Explanation:
In October 2025, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) signed an Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Russia’s Public Joint Stock Company United Aircraft Corporation (PJSC-UAC) in Moscow, Russia, to manufacture the Superjet 100 (SJ-100) civil commuter aircraft in India.
Detailed Explanation:
In October 2025, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) signed an Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Russia’s Public Joint Stock Company United Aircraft Corporation (PJSC-UAC) in Moscow, Russia, to manufacture the Superjet 100 (SJ-100) civil commuter aircraft in India.
The MoU grants HAL exclusive rights to manufacture the SJ-100 aircraft for domestic customers in India.
The objective of the MoU is to enhance regional and short-haul connectivity under the UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) scheme.
This marks India’s first complete passenger aircraft project since the Avro Hawker Siddeley 748 (1961–1988), signifying India’s return to civil aircraft manufacturing.
20) Answer: B
Short Explanation:
Detailed Explanation:
21) Answer: C
22) Answer: B
World Vegan Day 2025 is observed on the 1st of November 2025.
The 2025 World Vegan Day theme is expected to focus on “veganism and its positive impact on the planet, animals, and human health”.
The World Vegan Society was formed in 1944 by Louise Wallis. But the Name “Vegan” was first coined by Donald Watson and his wife Dorothy Morgan in the year 1944.
23) Answer: E
Short Explanation:
Detailed Explanation:
All Saints’ Day 2025 is observed on the 1st of November 2025.
All Saints’ Day was first celebrated on May 13th in the year 609 A.D. Pope Boniface IV decided to celebrate All Saints’ Day.
24) Answer: C
Paraguay has officially become the 100th full member of the International Solar Alliance (ISA), marking a significant milestone in global solar energy cooperation.
25) Answer: B
In a major political development on 17 October 2025, Harsh Sanghavi was sworn in as the Deputy Chief Minister of Gujarat, signaling a significant shift in the state’s political leadership.
This post was last modified on November 1, 2025 7:14 pm