Daily Current Affairs 05th November 2025 | Latest News | Download PDF

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CURRENT AFFAIRS : BANKING, FINANCE & BUSINESS

Reserve Bank of India Holds 619th Meeting of Its Central Board in Udaipur

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) held its 619th Central Board meeting in Udaipur, chaired by Governor Sanjay Malhotra.
• The Central Board took the Integrity Pledge as part of Vigilance Awareness Week 2025 and the Rashtriya Ekta Diwas Pledge to mark the 150th birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
• The Board reviewed the emerging global and domestic economic scenario, considering geopolitical developments, financial market trends, and associated challenges.
• It assessed the functioning of various Sub-Committees under the Central Board to ensure effective governance and policy oversight.
• The meeting also reviewed the performance of the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) and selected Central Office Departments, including the Consumer Education and Protection Department.
• The meeting was attended by all Deputy Governors and Directors of the Central Board of the RBI.

State Bank of India Launches ‘SBI STAR’ Award to Recognise Employees’ Achievements Beyond Work

• State Bank of India (SBI) has launched an annual employee excellence award titled ‘SBI STAR’ (Staff Talent Acknowledgement & Recognition) to honour employees’ achievements beyond professional performance.
• The initiative recognises excellence in Arts, Literature, Sports, Culture, Social Work, and Environmental initiatives, encouraging holistic engagement and employee well-being.
• SBI STAR will adopt a structured and transparent selection process, allowing self-nomination and shortlisting at the Circle/Vertical level to ensure fair recognition of talent.

Bank of Baroda Halts Nainital Bank Stake Sale to Focus on Strengthening the Subsidiary

• Bank of Baroda (BoB) has paused its plan to divest majority shareholding in its subsidiary Nainital Bank Limited (NBL) and decided to focus on strengthening the bank instead.
• In Q2 FY26, BoB infused ₹169 crore into NBL, raising its subscribed capital to ₹165.72 crore and share premium to ₹258.12 crore, boosting the bank’s capital base.
• BoB currently holds a 98.57% stake in NBL and has appointed a Chief General Manager (CGM)-rank official as NBL’s new MD & CEO, upgrading the leadership from the DGM level.
• Earlier in December 2022, BoB had planned to divest its stake via a strategic partner or IPO, but the revised strategy now emphasizes capital strengthening and governance enhancement to make NBL self-reliant and growth-ready.

About Bank of Baroda (BoB):

• Founded: 1908
• Headquarters: Vadodara, Gujarat, India
• Managing Director & CEO: Debadatta Chand
• Tagline: “India’s International Bank”

Unified Payments Interface Transactions Hit Record ₹27.28 Lakh Crore in October 2025, Marking Milestone for India’s Digital Economy

• India’s digital economy achieved a record milestone in October 2025, as Unified Payments Interface (UPI) transactions reached an all-time high of ₹27.28 lakh crore in value and 20.7 billion in volume, according to NPCI data.
• The surge was driven by festive shopping during Diwali, highlighting UPI’s role as the backbone of India’s digital payments ecosystem.
• In value terms, transactions rose 16% year-on-year (YoY) from ₹23.49 lakh crore (October 2024) and 9.5% month-on-month (MoM) from ₹24.90 lakh crore (September 2025).
• The average daily transaction volume reached 668 million, with a daily value of ₹87,993 crore, showing strong public adoption.
• The previous record highs were ₹25.14 lakh crore (May 2025) in value and 19.47 billion (July 2025) in volume.
• As of 2025, UPI accounts for 85% of all digital transactions in India and contributes to nearly 50% of global real-time digital payments.
• UPI, developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI)—an initiative of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA)—enables real-time, zero-fee peer-to-peer and merchant payments.
• UPI’s global reach now extends to seven countries: UAE, Singapore, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, France, and Mauritius.
• France became the first European country to adopt UPI, enabling Indian travellers and NRIs to make seamless QR-based international payments.
• The international expansion of UPI strengthens India’s soft power, promotes fintech leadership, and showcases India’s success in building public digital infrastructure.

NPCI International Payments Limited Partners with Razorpay Curlec to Launch UPI Payments in Malaysia

• NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL) has partnered with Razorpay Curlec to enable UPI-based payments in Malaysia, enhancing cross-border digital payment connectivity.
• The partnership allows Indian travellers to make instant and secure payments to Malaysian merchants using UPI-enabled apps through Razorpay Curlec’s platform.
• The collaboration was formalised during the Global Fintech Fest (GFF) 2025, highlighting India’s growing fintech influence.
• In 2024, over one million Indian tourists visited Malaysia, reflecting a 72% increase from the previous year, indicating strong travel demand.
• The initiative strengthens India’s UPI global expansion strategy, promoting UPI as a preferred international payment mode for Indian travellers abroad.

CURRENT AFFAIRS : INTERNATIONAL NEWS

India to End Five-Year Import Freeze, Resume Approvals for Goods from China and Other Nations

• India will resume approvals for importing goods from China and other countries, ending a five-year import freeze imposed after border tensions in 2020, marking a significant policy shift in trade regulation.
• The move is aimed at easing supply chain disruptions, supporting domestic industries, and meeting rising consumer demand, especially after recent GST reductions.

Key Highlights :

• The import freeze was imposed in mid-2020 following the Galwan Valley clashes, leading to strained bilateral relations between India and China.
• During the freeze, India implemented non-tariff barriers such as mandatory certifications, delayed clearances for electronics, telecom gear, and industrial inputs, and tightened scrutiny of foreign direct investment (FDI) from neighbouring countries.
• These measures impacted sectors like consumer electronics, footwear, household goods, steel, and industrial raw materials.
• Under the new policy, the government will fast-track pending import proposals from Indian firms, mainly sourcing from China and other Asian suppliers.
• Authorities will re-evaluate certification requirements for overseas manufacturing units to promote faster import approvals.
• The plan seeks to balance domestic production needs with import flexibility, ensuring adequate supply in industries facing stock shortages and driving post-GST economic growth.
• Despite the relaxation, security-sensitive sectors like telecom, strategic electronics, and dual-use or surveillance technologies will continue to face strict oversight and restrictions.
• The new approach represents a targeted import liberalisation policy, focused on economic recovery, industrial support, and maintaining national security safeguards.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: NATIONAL AND STATE NEWS

Prime Minister Narendra Modi Launches ₹1 Lakh Crore Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the ₹1 lakh crore Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme during the Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC) 2025 held at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.
• The scheme aims to strengthen India’s research and innovation ecosystem by supporting high-risk, high-impact R&D projects, fostering private sector participation, and accelerating India’s emergence as a global leader in science and technology.

Key Highlights

• The ₹1 lakh crore allocation will provide long-term funding to support breakthrough technologies, encourage industry collaboration, facilitate prototype-to-market transitions, and simplify research processes through reformed procurement and financial norms.
• PM Modi stated that the initiative will bridge the gap between “lab to market” and create a strong foundation for India’s future innovation-led growth.
• The government also announced the establishment of 25,000 new Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs) under the Atal Innovation Mission, in addition to the existing 10,000 labs that have already impacted over 1 crore school students. These labs aim to nurture creativity and problem-solving skills among students by providing hands-on exposure to robotics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and design thinking.
• To strengthen India’s research talent, 10,000 additional Prime Minister’s Research Fellowships (PMRFs) will be offered over the next five years to support young researchers and PhD scholars in emerging fields such as AI, green hydrogen, quantum computing, semiconductor technology, and deep-sea exploration.
• The Prime Minister also highlighted the progress under the India AI Mission, with the government allocating ₹10,000 crore to promote ethical and inclusive AI development across various sectors, including education, logistics, and governance.
• Modi emphasized that innovation must remain human-centric, ensuring that technological advancements serve society equitably and contribute to India’s vision of becoming a global innovation powerhouse.

RECENT NEWS

• In a significant push to strengthen India’s agricultural backbone, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on October 12, 2025, launched two flagship schemes — PM Dhan Dhaanya Krishi Yojana and the Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses — along with laying the foundation stone for projects worth over ₹42,000 crore in agriculture and allied sectors.

Gogabeel Lake in Bihar Designated as a Ramsar Site

• Gogabeel Lake, situated in the Katihar district of Bihar, has been declared a Ramsar Site, gaining international recognition as a wetland of global importance under the Ramsar Convention, 1971.
• Located in the trans-Gangetic plains, Gogabeel is an ox-bow lake formed by the meandering of rivers and lies between the River Mahananda (northeast) and River Ganga (south).
• It was earlier notified as Bihar’s first Community Reserve, highlighting community involvement in its conservation.

Key Highlights

• The lake functions as an ecological and hydrological buffer, crucial for maintaining the environmental balance of the region.
• The area around the lake is dominated by tropical dry deciduous forests, supporting rich flora and fauna.
• Gogabeel serves as a wintering site for migratory birds and a vital stopover point along migratory flyways.
• It is home to several species of global conservation concern, such as the Smooth-Coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), classified as Vulnerable, and the Helicopter Catfish (Wallago attu), a threatened freshwater fish.
• The lake also holds cultural and spiritual significance, with local communities celebrating festivals like Sirva, Adra, and Chhath near its banks, reflecting the Ramsar principle of “wise use”—a balance between conservation and human livelihood.
• The Ramsar Convention, signed in 1971 at Ramsar, Iran, is the global treaty for wetland conservation and sustainable use, aiming to protect wetlands, promote international cooperation, and enhance biodiversity and climate resilience.
• With the inclusion of Gogabeel Lake in 2025, India now has more than 80 Ramsar sites, reaffirming its strong commitment to wetland protection and sustainable ecosystem management.

RECENT NEWS

• In a major pre-election push focused on women’s economic empowerment, Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to transfer ₹10,000 each to 75 lakh women in Bihar under the Mukhya Mantri Mahila Rozgar Yojana. Scheduled for September 26, 2025, the disbursement totals ₹7,500 crore and aims to support women-led micro-enterprises across the state.

About Bihar:

• Capital: Patna
• Chief Minister: Nitish Kumar
• Governor: Arif Mohammed Khan
• National Parks: Valmiki National Park
• Wildlife Sanctuaries: Valmiki Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary, Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary, Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary, Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary

CURRENT AFFAIRS: AWARDS AND HONOURS

Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia Confers Bharat Ratna Dr. Bhupen Hazarika National Awards in Guwahati

• Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia, in his capacity as Minister for Communications and Development of the North Eastern Region, conferred the Bharat Ratna Dr. Bhupen Hazarika National Awards at a cultural ceremony held in Guwahati.
• The event, organised by Sarhad Pune, celebrated the centenary year of Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, paying tribute to his legacy of unity through art and culture.
• Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, also known as Bhupen Da, was a renowned musician, poet, and cultural icon whose songs and writings transcended linguistic and regional barriers, uniting people across India, especially in the Northeastern region.
• Union Minister Scindia highlighted that instituting national awards in Hazarika’s name honours not just an artist but “an era of empathy and cultural synthesis”, symbolizing India’s diverse yet united cultural spirit.
• The 2025 edition of the awards holds special significance as it coincides with the 100th birth anniversary of Bhupen Hazarika, marking a century of his immense contribution to India’s music and cultural heritage.
• The Dr. Bhupen Hazarika National Awards 2025 were presented to six eminent personalities from the Northeastern states, who have played key roles in preserving and promoting the region’s literary, artistic, and cultural traditions.

Award Recipients:

• Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi (Arunachal Pradesh): Acclaimed writer blending indigenous storytelling with modern themes.
• Laishram Mema (Manipur): Prominent literary figure preserving Manipuri language and traditions.
• Rajni Basumatary (Assam): Actress and filmmaker focusing on women’s empowerment and rural narratives.
• L. R. Sailo (Mizoram): Writer and translator promoting Mizo literature and culture.
• Dr. Surjya Kanta Hazarika (Assam): Scholar and cultural historian documenting Assam’s literary evolution.
• Prof. David R. Syiemlieh (Meghalaya): Historian and former UPSC Chairman known for his work on Northeast identity and history.

Kiran Desai’s The Loneliness of Sonia and Sunny Shortlisted for Booker Prize 2025

• Renowned Indian author Kiran Desai, winner of the Booker Prize for “The Inheritance of Loss”, has been shortlisted for the Booker Prize 2025 for her latest novel, The Loneliness of Sonia and Sunny.
• The novel explores love, displacement, and identity across India and the United States, portraying the emotional struggles of two characters—Sonia and Sunny—whose lives intersect due to a family history of attempted matchmaking.

Key Highlights

• Sonia, a literature graduate from Vermont, returns to India haunted by the emotional trauma of a past relationship, while Sunny, a journalist in New York, wrestles with family pressures and cultural alienation.
• The story delves into themes of cultural alienation, generational trauma, and modern loneliness, highlighting how personal freedom often clashes with inherited family and social obligations.
• Desai masterfully blends philosophical reflection, comic undertones, and emotional realism, using her signature lyrical prose to explore the human condition in a globalized world.
• The novel features elements of magical realism, such as Sonia’s belief in being under a “dark spell,” symbolizing psychological and creative entrapment.
• Critics praise the book for its depth, emotional intelligence, and portrayal of the Indian diaspora, calling it Desai’s most ambitious work since her Booker-winning novel.
• Its inclusion in the Booker Prize 2025 shortlist reaffirms Kiran Desai’s place among the most influential contemporary voices in Indian and global literature.

CURRENT AFFAIRS : APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS

Ankathi Raju and Dr. M. Raghavendra Rao Appointed as Directors of Defence Research and Development Laboratory and Advanced Systems Laboratory , Respectively

• Ankathi Raju has been appointed as the Director of the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), Hyderabad, and Dr.M. Raghavendra Rao as the Director of the Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL).
• Both officers assumed charge on November 1, 2025, marking a major leadership reshuffle in key DRDO laboratories.
• Ankathi Raju, served as Director of the Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE).
• He led several major indigenous defence projects, including the Enhanced Rocket System, Guided Pinaka, and the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS).
• Raju has also contributed to the development of liquid propulsion systems for missiles like Prithvi, Agni, PAD, PDV, and Mission Shakti, and played a key role in the solid fuel ducted ramjet propulsion technology.
• He is a recipient of the DRDO Agni Award for Excellence in Self-Reliance and the Best Scientist Award from the Telangana Government.
• M. Raghavendra Rao, an NIT Bhopal graduate with a Ph.D. from NIT Warangal, contributed to the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) launched under Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam.
• As Technology Director (Liquid Propulsion) at DRDL, he led the design and development of propulsion systems for Agni, Air Defence, Advanced Naval Systems, and hypersonic propulsion technologies.

Afghanistan to Appoint First Taliban-Era Diplomat to India, Signalling Warming Ties

• Afghanistan is set to appoint its first official diplomat to India for the first time since the Taliban’s return to power in August 2021, marking a significant though unofficial step in India-Taliban engagement.
• The decision follows the October 2025 visit of Afghanistan’s Acting Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi to New Delhi, indicating a gradual warming of ties between the two sides.
• India has not officially recognised the Taliban regime, but continues humanitarian engagement through aid, medical supplies, and a technical mission in Kabul.
• Reports suggest that another Afghan diplomat may be appointed by December 2025 or early 2026, reflecting a step-by-step resumption of bilateral representation.
• Since the Taliban takeover in August 2021, India initially closed its embassy and evacuated personnel, later reopening a technical office to facilitate humanitarian aid without granting political legitimacy.
• India’s acceptance of a Taliban-appointed diplomat represents a strategic move aimed at preserving diplomatic channels while avoiding formal recognition of the regime.
• The move also comes amid growing China and Pakistan engagement with the Taliban, as well as Russia and Central Asian nations’ outreach, compelling India to safeguard its strategic influence in Afghanistan through development aid, education, and infrastructure cooperation.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: MOUS AND AGREEMENT

India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) Signs MoU with Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) to Provide Doorstep Digital Life Certificate (DLC) Services

• India Post Payments Bank (IPPB), a 100% Government of India–owned entity under the Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications, has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) under the Ministry of Labour & Employment, Government of India.
• The MoU aims to provide doorstep Digital Life Certificate (DLC) services to pensioners under the Employees’ Pension Scheme, 1995 (EPS’95).
• The MoU was exchanged between Shri R. Viswesvaran, Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer (MD & CEO), IPPB, and Shri Ramesh Krishnamurthi, Central Provident Fund Commissioner (CPFC), EPFO, during the 73rd Foundation Day of EPFO.
• The event was graced by Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya, Union Minister for Labour & Employment and Youth Affairs & Sports, as Chief Guest, along with Ms. Vandana Gurnani, Secretary (Labour & Employment), Members of the Central Board of Trustees (CBT), and senior officials from the Ministry of Labour & Employment (MoLE), EPFO, and IPPB.
• Under the collaboration, IPPB will utilize its extensive postal network comprising over 1.65 lakh Post Offices and more than 3 lakh Postal Service Providers (Postmen and Gramin Dak Sevaks) equipped with Doorstep Banking devices.
• Pensioners will be assisted through Face Authentication and Fingerprint Biometric Authentication to submit their Digital Life Certificates conveniently from home, eliminating the need to visit banks or EPFO offices.
• The cost of issuing the Digital Life Certificate will be entirely borne by EPFO, making the service free for pensioners.
• According to Shri R. Viswesvaran (MD & CEO, IPPB), this partnership strengthens IPPB’s mission to bring financial and citizen services to every doorstep, especially benefiting pensioners in rural and semi-urban areas. The initiative aligns with the Government of India’s “Digital India” and “Ease of Living” visions by using postal infrastructure to deliver inclusive digital services.
• IPPB had first introduced the Doorstep Digital Life Certificate Service in 2020, using Aadhaar-enabled biometric authentication to generate Jeevan Pramaan certificates for pensioners, reducing processing time.
• Pensioners can contact their Postman/Gramin Dak Sevak or visit their nearest Post Office, provide their Aadhaar and pension details, and authenticate via Face Authentication or Fingerprint Biometric. Upon completion, a confirmation SMS will be sent to their registered mobile number, and the certificate can be viewed online at https://jeevanpramaan.gov.in/v1.0/ the next day.

About India Post Payments Bank (IPPB)

• India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) was established under the Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications, with 100% equity owned by the Government of India.
• Launched on 1st September 2018, IPPB aims to build the most accessible, affordable, and trusted bank for the common citizens of India.
• The core mandate of IPPB is to provide banking access to the unbanked and underbanked by leveraging India’s vast postal network — consisting of approximately 1.65 lakh Post Offices (including 1.4 lakh in rural areas) and 3 lakh postal employees.
• Its operational model is built on the pillars of India Stack, enabling Paperless, Cashless, and Presence-less Banking through smartphones and biometric devices integrated with the Core Banking System (CBS).
• IPPB offers simple and affordable digital banking services in 13 Indian languages to over 11 crore customers across 5.57 lakh villages and towns.
• The bank is committed to promoting a less-cash economy and advancing the Government’s Digital India mission, ensuring financial inclusion and empowerment at the last mile.
• IPPB’s motto: “Every customer is important, every transaction is significant, and every deposit is valuable.”

CURRENT AFFAIRS : DEFENCE NEWS

India to Conduct Tri-Service Exercise ‘Poorvi Prachand Prahar’ in Arunachal Pradesh This November

• ‘Poorvi Prachand Prahar’ is a tri-Service military exercise involving the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force, to be held in Mechuka, Arunachal Pradesh in November 2025.
• The exercise aims to integrate warfighting capability, technological adaptation, and operational synergy among the three wings of the Armed Forces.
• It will focus on multi-domain integration across land, air, and maritime fronts to enhance interoperability and situational awareness.
• The exercise will validate command and control structures for joint mission execution under realistic high-altitude conditions.
• The highlight includes the coordinated employment of special forces, unmanned platforms, precision systems, and networked operations centres working in unison.
• Revised tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) will be tested and validated to strengthen combat agility and adaptability.
• ‘Poorvi Prachand Prahar’ marks a major milestone in India’s tri-Service integration efforts, following Exercise ‘Bhala Prahar’ (2023) and Exercise ‘Poorvi Prahar’ (2024).
• The exercise reinforces the Armed Forces’ collective resolve to ensure mission readiness and joint operational effectiveness for the defence of the nation.

CURRENT AFFAIRS : SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

OpenAI Partners with Amazon Web Services in $38 Billion Deal to Boost AI Infrastructure and Capabilities

• OpenAI has signed a $38 billion, seven-year partnership with Amazon Web Services (AWS) to access large-scale cloud computing infrastructure for advancing its AI capabilities.
• The agreement provides OpenAI with hundreds of thousands of NVIDIA GPUs (including the latest GB200 and GB300 accelerators) and the ability to scale to tens of millions of CPUs to support generative, training, and agentic AI operations.
• OpenAI will begin using AWS computing capacity immediately, with full capacity deployment expected by the end of 2026, and includes provisions for future expansion into 2027 and beyond.
• This partnership marks a strategic shift from Microsoft’s exclusivity (which ended earlier in 2025), signalling OpenAI’s adoption of a multi-cloud strategy and reduced reliance on Microsoft Azure for all compute needs.
• The deal strengthens Amazon’s position in global AI infrastructure, enabling AWS to compete directly with Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud in the AI computing race.
• The agreement follows other major infrastructure tie-ups, including a separate $250 billion commitment to Microsoft Azure, a $300 billion, five-year agreement with Oracle (for the Stargate Project), and other deals, bringing OpenAI’s total infrastructure commitments to roughly $1.4 trillion as it pursues massive compute capacity.

Russian President Vladimir Putin Announces Successful Test of Nuclear-Powered Burevestnik Cruise Missile

• Russian President Vladimir Putin announced the successful test of the Burevestnik (9M730) — a nuclear-powered, nuclear-armed cruise missile with a range of 14,000 km and 15-hour flight duration, capable of evading missile defences.
• The Burevestnik, meaning storm petrel, is powered by a miniature nuclear reactor that heats incoming air for propulsion, providing theoretical unlimited range compared to conventional fuel-based missiles.
• The missile has been under development since 2018 and is conceptually similar to the US Project Pluto (1960s) — a nuclear-powered ramjet program — but faces safety and feasibility concerns.
• It is designed to fly at low altitudes, much lower than typical cruise missiles, making it difficult for air-defence radars to detect.

Iran Approves Plan to Redenominate Currency by Removing Four Zeros Amid Inflation

• Iran’s parliament has approved a plan to remove four zeros from its national currency, the rial, to tackle high inflation and sharp depreciation.
• Under the new system, 10,000 current rials will be replaced by one new rial, simplifying financial transactions across the country.
• Both old and new rials will circulate for up to three years, while the Central Bank of Iran will have two years to complete the transition process.
• The move follows the reimposition of UN sanctions on Iran, which pushed the rial to record lows — around 1,115,000 per US dollar.
• The redenomination proposal, first introduced in 2019, was revived in 2025 after being shelved for several years.
• The plan still requires approval by the Guardian Council and signature by President Masoud Pezeshkian before implementation.
• In daily transactions, Iranians commonly use the ‘toman’, a unit equal to 10 rials, for convenience in pricing and payments.

China Achieves World’s First Thorium-to-Uranium Conversion in Molten Salt Reactor, Marking Nuclear Breakthrough

• China has achieved the world’s first thorium-to-uranium fuel conversion within a Thorium Molten Salt Reactor (TMSR), marking a major breakthrough in fourth-generation nuclear technology.
• The announcement was made on 3 November 2025, highlighting a leap toward safer, cleaner, and more efficient nuclear power.

Key Highlights :

• A Thorium Molten Salt Reactor (TMSR) uses molten salt as coolant and thorium as a fertile fuel, operating at atmospheric pressure and offering passive safety features.
• The system does not require water for cooling, making it suitable for arid regions, and reduces nuclear waste compared to conventional reactors.
• In the reactor, Thorium-232 converts into Uranium-233 (U-233) through neutron absorption, enabling self-sustaining nuclear reactions.
• The successful in-reactor breeding of U-233 validates thorium’s potential as a next-generation nuclear fuel and confirms the feasibility of a thorium fuel cycle.
• The achievement positions China as a global leader in advanced nuclear innovation.
• India’s parallel thorium programme aligns with this development under its three-stage nuclear power plan, focusing on thorium-based reactors in the final stage.
• Key Indian projects include the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) developed by BARC and the Indian Molten Salt Breeder Reactor (IMSBR).
• India holds the world’s largest thorium reserves, mainly found in Kerala, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Jharkhand.
• China’s milestone reinforces India’s long-term vision to become a leader in thorium-based clean nuclear energy.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: RANKING AND INDEX

Swachh Survekshan 2025 Report: Madurai Ranked as India’s Dirtiest City

• The Swachh Survekshan 2025 report, conducted under the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), revealed a major divide in India’s urban cleanliness performance.
• Madurai has been ranked as the dirtiest city in India 2025, followed by Ludhiana, Chennai, Ranchi, and Bengaluru.

• The Swachh Survekshan is an annual cleanliness assessment covering over 4,000 urban local bodies across India. It evaluates cities on parameters like solid waste management, citizen feedback, sanitation, hygiene levels, innovation, and best practices.
• Despite being major economic hubs, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Delhi have shown poor performance due to rapid urbanization, lack of waste segregation, and weak civic discipline.
• Smaller cities such as Indore, Surat, and Navi Mumbai continue to set benchmarks in cleanliness, highlighting that community participation and civic efficiency are more crucial than financial resources.
• Bengaluru, once known as the “Garden City,” now faces overflowing landfills, unregulated waste disposal, and clogged drainage, leading to its poor ranking.
• Chennai and Delhi continue to suffer from poor waste segregation, waterlogging, and inefficient sanitation systems, exposing weaknesses in urban planning.
• Environmental experts have warned that untreated sewage, pollution, and improper solid waste management are posing serious health and environmental threats.
• In contrast, Indore, Surat, and Navi Mumbai have once again been recognized under the “Super Swachh League” for their consistent performance in door-to-door garbage collection, recycling, and citizen awareness.
• The reasons behind poor rankings include:

• Unplanned urban growth without adequate waste management infrastructure
• Low civic awareness and lack of citizen participation
• Inadequate segregation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste
• Weak enforcement of sanitation regulations
• Neglected drains and landfills leading to environmental degradation

• The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) has urged low-performing cities to:

• Improve waste segregation at source
• Establish modern waste treatment plants
• Strengthen municipal monitoring systems
• Conduct public awareness campaigns promoting cleanliness and civic responsibility

• The upcoming Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0 aims to incorporate smart waste management technologies for efficient waste tracking, processing, and disposal, strengthening India’s vision of sustainable and clean urban development.

World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law Index 2025 Released

• The World Justice Project (WJP) released the Rule of Law Index 2025, assessing 143 countries on justice, accountability, transparency, and human rights.
• The 2025 report shows a global decline in the rule of law, with 68% of countries recording a drop in their scores — the largest fall ever.
• The decline is driven by rising authoritarianism, weakened checks on government powers, and reduced judicial independence.
• Countries with stronger rule of law continue to enjoy economic stability, public trust, and effective governance.
• Nordic nations remain the top global performers, highlighting their continued commitment to equality and transparency.

Top 10 Countries in WJP Rule of Law Index 2025

• Nordic nations continue to dominate due to strong governance, fairness, and institutional trust.

Bottom 10 Countries in WJP Rule of Law Index 2025

Observation: Most bottom-ranked countries face conflict, corruption, and autocratic governance, leading to fragile legal systems.

India’s Performance in WJP Rule of Law Index 2025

• Insight: India remains mid-ranked globally, but the downward trend highlights the need for judicial reform, transparency, and freedom of expression to strengthen institutional trust.

About the World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law Index

• 68% of countries witnessed a decline in rule of law — the sharpest drop in five years.
• Authoritarian trends and weakened checks and balances remain primary causes.
• Nordic countries top the global rankings, while Venezuela, Afghanistan, and Cambodia remain at the bottom.
• Decline in justice accessibility and press freedom observed across most regions.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: SPORTS NEWS

Kane Williamson Announces Retirement from T20 Internationals

• Kane Williamson, former captain and one of New Zealand’s most successful batters, announced his retirement from Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is) with immediate effect, just before the home series against the West Indies.
• His decision marks the end of a 14-year T20I career that began in 2011, during which he became known for his calm leadership and consistency.

Key Highlights

• Williamson played 93 T20I matches, scoring 2575 runs at an average of 33, with 18 half-centuries and a highest score of 95.
• He is New Zealand’s second-highest run-scorer in T20Is and captained the side in 75 matches.
• Under his leadership, New Zealand reached the T20 World Cup semifinals in 2016 and 2022 and the final in 2021, where they finished runners-up to Australia.
• At 35 years of age, Williamson will now take on the role of Strategic Advisor for the Lucknow Super Giants in the 2026 Indian Premier League (IPL) season, moving toward mentorship and strategic roles in franchise cricket.
• His retirement paves the way for younger New Zealand players to prepare for the 2026 International Cricket Council (ICC) T20 World Cup.
• Williamson confirmed that he will continue to play One Day Internationals (ODIs) and Test cricket, and will participate in franchise T20 leagues
• He remains focused on leading New Zealand in the upcoming Test series against West Indies, starting 2 December 2025 in Christchurch.

CURRENT AFFAIRS : OBITUARIES

Oldest Living Olympic Champion Charles Coste Passed Away at 101

• French cyclist Charles Coste, the world’s oldest living Olympic gold medallist, passed away at the age of 101 on November 2, 2025.
• He won the Olympic gold medal in team pursuit cycling at the 1948 London Olympics, along with Pierre Adam, Serge Blusson, and Fernand Decanali.
• Coste became the oldest living Olympic gold medallist after the death of Hungarian gymnast Agnes Keleti, who passed away at 103 in January 2025.
• He was honoured as one of the torchbearers at the 2024 Paris Olympics opening ceremony, representing France’s rich sporting legacy.

Former North Korean Ceremonial Leader Kim Yong Nam Passed Away

• Kim Yong Nam, North Korea’s former ceremonial head of state, passed away at the age of 97 on November 4, 2025, marking the end of an era in North Korean bureaucracy.

About Kim Yong Nam :

• He served as the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People’s Assembly from 1998 to April 2019, making him the country’s ceremonial head of state, though real power remained with the Kim family.
• Kim Yong Nam’s political career spanned over seven decades, during which he was a trusted figure across three generations of leadership — Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, and Kim Jong Un.
• He joined the Workers’ Party of Korea after the Korean War (1950–53) and became a Politburo member in 1978.
• He served as Foreign Minister from 1983 to 1998, navigating North Korea’s diplomatic challenges during the fall of the Soviet Union and increasing international isolation.
• As North Korea’s representative abroad, he attended Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) summits and other international forums, symbolizing the regime’s global outreach.
• He delivered the state eulogy for Kim Il Sung in 1994 and formally endorsed Kim Jong Il in 1997 as head of the National Defence Commission.
• He attended the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics in South Korea alongside Kim Yo Jong, representing North Korea during a brief diplomatic thaw.
• Kim Yong Nam’s influence declined with age, and in April 2019, he was replaced by Choe Ryong Hae, signaling a generational shift in leadership under Kim Jong Un.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: IMPORTANT DAYS

World Tsunami Awareness Day 2025 is observed on 5th November

• World Tsunami Awareness Day 2025 is observed on the 5th of November 2025.
• The theme for World Tsunami Awareness Day 2025 is “Be Tsunami Ready: Invest in Tsunami Preparedness.”
• World Tsunami Awareness Day 2025 is celebrated because of the initiative taken by Japan.

History

• There is a story behind World Tsunami Awareness Day celebrated on November 5. On November 5th, 1854, Hiromura a little village which is located in the western part of Japan started celebrating their Traditional Practice, the Burning of Rice Sheaves.
• A farmer who lived in the village anticipated that a big Tsunami would come when he noticed the lowering of the Tide and the natural decrease in the level of Well Water which is a natural sign for a Tsunami warning.
• Later the Villagers guided the entire village to the hilltop by burning rice sheaves to indicate the signs of danger.
• Later from the hilltop, they witnessed the tsunami destroy their village.
• They understood that the Fire actually saved them from the Tsunami.
• Japan proposed this day as World Tsunami Awareness Day because of the intent to protect the precious lives of people.

Daily CA One- Liner: 5^th November

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) held its 619th Central Board meeting in Udaipur, chaired by Governor Sanjay Malhotra.
• State Bank of India (SBI) has launched an annual employee excellence award titled ‘SBI STAR’ (Staff Talent Acknowledgement & Recognition) to honour employees’ achievements beyond professional performance.
• Bank of Baroda (BoB) has paused its plan to divest majority shareholding in its subsidiary Nainital Bank Limited (NBL) and decided to focus on strengthening the bank instead.
• India’s digital economy achieved a record milestone in October 2025, as Unified Payments Interface (UPI) transactions reached an all-time high of ₹27.28 lakh crore in value and 20.7 billion in volume, according to NPCI data.
• NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL) has partnered with Razorpay Curlec to enable UPI-based payments in Malaysia, enhancing cross-border digital payment connectivity.
• India will resume approvals for importing goods from China and other countries, ending a five-year import freeze imposed after border tensions in 2020, marking a significant policy shift in trade regulation.
• Ankathi Raju has been appointed as the Director of the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), Hyderabad, and Dr. M. Raghavendra Rao as the Director of the Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL).
• Afghanistan is set to appoint its first official diplomat to India for the first time since the Taliban’s return to power in August 2021, marking a significant though unofficial step in India-Taliban engagement.
• ‘Poorvi Prachand Prahar’ is a tri-Service military exercise involving the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force, to be held in Mechuka, Arunachal Pradesh in November 2025.
• OpenAI has signed a $38 billion, seven-year partnership with Amazon Web Services (AWS) to access large-scale cloud computing infrastructure for advancing its AI capabilities.
• Russian President Vladimir Putin announced the successful test of the Burevestnik (9M730) — a nuclear-powered, nuclear-armed cruise missile with a range of 14,000 km and 15-hour flight duration, capable of evading missile defences.
• Iran’s parliament has approved a plan to remove four zeros from its national currency, the rial, to tackle high inflation and sharp depreciation.
• China has achieved the world’s first thorium-to-uranium fuel conversion within a Thorium Molten Salt Reactor (TMSR), marking a major breakthrough in fourth-generation nuclear technology.
• French cyclist Charles Coste, the world’s oldest living Olympic gold medallist, passed away at the age of 101 on November 2, 2025.
• Kim Yong Nam, North Korea’s former ceremonial head of state, passed away at the age of 97 on November 4, 2025, marking the end of an era in North Korean bureaucracy.

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the ₹1 lakh crore Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme during the Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC) 2025 held at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.
• Gogabeel Lake, situated in the Katihar district of Bihar, has been declared a Ramsar Site, gaining international recognition as a wetland of global importance under the Ramsar Convention, 1971
• Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia, in his capacity as Minister for Communications and Development of the North Eastern Region, conferred the Bharat Ratna Dr. Bhupen Hazarika National Awards at a cultural ceremony held in Guwahati.
• Renowned Indian author Kiran Desai, winner of the Booker Prize for “The Inheritance of Loss”, has been shortlisted for the Booker Prize 2025 for her latest novel, The Loneliness of Sonia and Sunny
• India Post Payments Bank (IPPB), a 100% Government of India–owned entity under the Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications, has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) under the Ministry of Labour & Employment, Government of India
• The Swachh Survekshan 2025 report, conducted under the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), revealed a major divide in India’s urban cleanliness performance
• The World Justice Project (WJP) released the Rule of Law Index 2025, assessing 143 countries on justice, accountability, transparency, and human rights
• Kane Williamson, former captain and one of New Zealand’s most successful batters, announced his retirement from Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is) with immediate effect, just before the home series against the West Indies
• World Tsunami Awareness Day 2025 is observed on the 5th of November 2025.