Daily Current Affairs 10th December 2025 | Latest News | Download PDF

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CURRENT AFFAIRS : BANKING, FINANCE & BUSINESS

International Monetary Fund Names Unified Payments Interface the World’s Largest Real-Time Payment Network, Capturing 49% of Global Transactions

• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) report (June 2025) recognised Unified Payments Interface (UPI) as the world’s largest retail Fast-Payment System (FPS) by transaction volume.
• As per ACI Worldwide – Prime Time for Real-Time 2024, UPI holds around 49% share of global real-time payment transactions.

Key Highlights :

• The government, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) are taking continuous measures to support small-scale merchants in adopting digital payments, including UPI.
• The BHIM-UPI incentive scheme promotes low-value UPI transactions to increase digital payment penetration.
• The Payments Infrastructure Development Fund (PIDF) provides grant support to banks and fintechs for deploying POS terminals and QR codes in tier-3 to tier-6 centres.
• As of 31 October 2025, around 5.45 crore digital touchpoints have been deployed under PIDF across smaller centres.
• By FY 2024–25, around 56.86 crore QR codes were deployed to approximately 6.5 crore merchants nationwide.
• The Government, RBI, and NPCI are expanding UPI and RuPay usage across public services, transport systems, and e-commerce platforms on a national scale.

UPI’s status against other leading international real-time payment platforms :

About Ministry of Finance:

• Cabinet Minister: Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman
• Minister of State (MoS): Shri Pankaj Chaudhary

Government and Reserve Bank of India Implement Multiple Steps to Enhance the Digital Lending Framework

• The Government is actively working with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and other regulators to curb the operations of unauthorized digital loan apps in India.
• RBI has launched a Digital Lending Apps (DLAs) Directory on its website from 1 July 2025 to help customers verify whether a digital lending app is linked to an RBI-regulated entity (RE).
• The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) is empowered under Section 69A of the IT Act, 2000 to block unauthorized loan apps after following due legal procedures.
• RBI issued the Reserve Bank of India (Digital Lending) Directions, 2025 on 8 May 2025, mandating strict norms on recovery practices, data privacy, and grievance redressal for Regulated Entities (REs), Lending Service Providers (LSPs), and Digital Lending Apps (DLAs).
• The Government is engaging major internet intermediaries and messaging platforms to monitor and restrict unauthorized loan app operations.
• The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is analysing digital lending apps and supporting citizens through the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (cybercrime.gov.in) and the Cybercrime Helpline 1930.
• Citizens can lodge complaints against illegal deposit-taking entities through the SACHET portal and the State Level Coordination Committee (SLCC)
• The RBI and banks are conducting awareness programs such as SMS alerts, radio campaigns, cyber-crime prevention publicity, and e-BAAT (electronic Banking Awareness and Training) to educate citizens about fraud risks and safe digital practices.

Reserve Bank of India Announces Major Highlights of its 5th Bi-monthly Policy Review for FY26

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) conducted the 58th and 5th Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting of Financial Year 2025-26 (FY26) from 3–5 December 2025, chaired by Governor Sanjay Malhotra, and attended by Nagesh Kumar, Saugata Bhattacharyya, Prof. Ram Singh, Dr. Poonam Gupta, and Indranil Bhattacharyya.
• The MPC unanimously reduced the Repo Rate to 5.25% under the Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF), while maintaining a Neutral stance, indicating flexibility for future rate movements.
• The rate cut was undertaken because inflation fell to multi-year lows and growth showed early signs of softening, providing policy space to support economic activity.

Key Highlights :

Policy Measures:

• Repo Rate (Repurchase Rate): 5.25% under the Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)
  ➤ The rate at which the RBI lends money to commercial banks against government securities.
• Reverse Repo Rate : 35%

➤The rate at which the RBI borrows money from commercial banks by offering government securities.

• Policy Stance: Neutral
  ➤ Indicates a balanced approach between controlling inflation and supporting growth.
• CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio): 3%
  ➤ The percentage of a bank’s total deposits that must be kept as cash reserve with the RBI.
• SDF (Standing Deposit Facility) Rate: 5.00%
  ➤ The rate at which the RBI accepts uncollateralised deposits from banks, used to absorb excess liquidity.
• MSF (Marginal Standing Facility) Rate: 5.50%
  ➤ The rate at which banks can borrow overnight funds from the RBI against approved government securities.
• Bank Rate: 5.50%
  ➤ The rate at which the RBI lends long-term funds to commercial banks; used to control money supply and credit.
• SLR : 18.00%

➤The percentage of a bank’s Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL) that must be maintained in the form of liquid assets such as cash, gold, or approved government securities.

• India’s real GDP recorded a six-quarter high growth of 8.2% in Q2 2025-26, supported by strong consumer demand and GST levy reductions.
• The RBI raised the FY26 GDP growth forecast to 7.3%, revised upward from 6.8%, with quarterly projections of 7.0% (Q3) and 6.5% (Q4), and 6.6% (Q1 FY27) and 6.8% (Q2 FY27).
• The RBI revised FY26 CPI inflation outlook downward to 2.0%, including 0.6% (Q3) and 2.9% (Q4), while inflation for Q1 FY27 is 3.9% and Q2 FY27 is 4.0%, within the 4% target band +/- 2%.
• Headline CPI inflation hit an all-time low in October 2025, driven by a sharp correction in food prices, deviating from normal seasonal patterns.
• India’s Current Account Deficit (CAD) moderated to 1.3% in Q2 FY26, supported by strong services exports and high remittances, though October 2025 merchandise exports contracted YoY, and imports rose for the second consecutive month, widening the trade deficit.
• India’s foreign exchange reserves stood at USD 686.2 billion as of 28 November 2025, providing over 11 months of import cover.
• The RBI will launch a two-month Ombudsman campaign from 1 January 2026 to clear all complaints pending for more than one month.
• The next MPC meeting is scheduled for 4–6 February 2026, continuing the monetary policy review cycle.

Reserve Bank of India Releases 15th Foreign Collaboration Survey Results for FY 2023–24 and FY 2024–25

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released the results of the 15th biennial Foreign Collaboration Survey (FCS), covering FY 2023–24 and FY 2024–25, capturing financial and operational data of Indian companies with foreign technical collaboration.
• In this round, 601 Foreign Technical Collaboration (FTC) agreements were reported by 255 Indian entities, with 163 entities also having participated earlier.
• FTCs were dominated by FDI-linked companies, with foreign subsidiaries (68%) and foreign associate companies (21%) accounting for most collaborations.
• The manufacturing sector accounted for 78.4% of all FTCs, especially machinery and motor vehicles (30.6%), while services contributed 16.6%.
• Japan, USA, and Germany remained the top three sources of technical collaborations.
• Around 61% of FTCs involved technology know-how transfer, and 8% involved brand/trademark use.

International Finance Corporation Commits USD 50 Million to Gujarat Fluorochemicals’ EV Materials Subsidiary

• The International Finance Corporation (IFC) invested USD 50 million (₹450 crore) in GFCL EV Products Limited, a subsidiary of Gujarat Fluorochemicals Limited (GFL), through compulsorily convertible instruments.
• The investment will help establish India’s first fully integrated battery materials manufacturing facility, strengthening the country’s EV and clean energy ecosystem.
• This marks IFC’s first investment in India’s battery-materials sector, indicating strong global confidence in India’s clean energy and electric mobility goals.
• The greenfield facility will manufacture Lithium Hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), electrolyte formulations, Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) cathode materials, and Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) / Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binders used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.
• The project is expected to boost domestic supply chains, reduce import dependence, and help position India as a competitive player in the global advanced battery materials value chain.
• Barclays served as the financial adviser to GFCL EV for this transaction.

Reserve Bank of India Announces ₹1 Lakh Crore Open Market Operations and $5 Billion USD/INR Buy-Sell Swap to Boost Liquidity

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announced Open Market Operations (OMO) purchases of ₹1 lakh crore and a 3-year USD/INR buy–sell swap of $5 billion in December 2025 to inject durable liquidity into the banking system.
• OMOs are a key monetary policy tool used by the RBI to regulate liquidity in the banking system by buying or selling government securities (G-Secs) in the open market.
• When RBI purchases government securities, it injects liquidity into the system, encouraging banks to lend more, which can boost economic activity.
• When RBI sells government securities, it absorbs excess liquidity and helps to control inflation by reducing the money supply.

Securities and Exchange Board of India Unveils PaRRVA to Curb Misleading Return Claims and Set a Global Standard

• The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) launched the Past Risk and Return Verification Agency (PaRRVA) to prevent misleading past-performance claims in advertisements by Research Analysts (RAs), Investment Advisors (IAs), and stock brokers.

Key Highlights :

• PaRRVA is the world’s first initiative of its kind and was launched in partnership with the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and CAREEdge Ratings.
• The initiative was created to address loopholes where unregistered players advertise unverifiable high returns, while regulated intermediaries are restricted from sharing legitimate past performance.
• SEBI’s investor survey found that only 36% of investors have adequate market knowledge, while 62% rely on influencers and 23% chase quick profits, highlighting the need for verified performance disclosures.
• Under PaRRVA, intermediaries submit data through secure API/file upload, which is validated by the PaRRVA–NSE Data Centre (PDC) using exchange and clearing corporation transaction data.
• PaRRVA generates 50+ risk–return metrics with T+1 portfolio checks, enabling accurate and standardized performance verification.
• PaRRVA was first announced during the 208th SEBI Board Meeting in December 2024 and the operational framework was issued in April 2025.
• PaRRVA is an independent verification mechanism allowing Regulated Entities (REs) to showcase authentic and validated performance data, reducing mis-selling and investor risk.
• As per SEBI’s 2025 circular, a Credit Rating Agency (CRA) will act as PaRRVA, and it must partner with a recognized Stock Exchange (SE) which will function as the PaRRVA Data Centre (PDC).
• The system will be initially launched as a 2-month pilot project to refine operational processes.
• Eligibility for a CRA to act as PaRRVA includes 15+ years of experience, ₹100 crore net worth, an investor grievance redressal mechanism, and 250+ issuers rated for debt securities.
• Eligibility for a Stock Exchange to act as PDC requires 15+ years of experience, ₹200 crore net worth, nationwide terminals, and an ODR-enabled grievance redressal mechanism.
• PaRRVA will create digital audit trails, helping verify claims, curb exaggerated return promises, and differentiate genuine intermediaries from unregistered or dubious entities.
• The platform will eventually let investors access verified performance records, improving transparency and investor protection.
• SEBI is also seeking broader powers to curb unauthorized financial advice on platforms like WhatsApp, Telegram, and social media.

About SEBI :

• Chairperson : Tuhin Kanta Pandey
• Headquarters : Mumbai, Maharashtra.

Unified Payments Interface Records Slight Decline in Transaction Volume and Value in November 2025 After October Festival Surge

• The Unified Payments Interface (UPI), operated by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), experienced a marginal dip in both transaction volume and value in November 2025 after a festival surge in October.
• UPI processed 20.47 billion transactions in November 2025, down from 20.7 billion transactions in October 2025.
• The value of UPI transactions declined by 3.5%, amounting to Rs 26.32 lakh crore in November 2025, compared to Rs 27.28 lakh crore in October 2025.
• On average, 682 million UPI transactions amounting to ₹87,721 crore were registered daily in November 2025.
• UPI is projected to reach 1 billion transactions per day by FY27 and could account for 90% of India’s retail digital payment volumes over the next five years.

Securities and Exchange Board of India Clears ICICI Prudential AMC’s ₹10,000-Crore Initial Public Offering Proposal

• The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) granted final approval to ICICI Prudential Asset Management Company (AMC) to launch its Rs 10,000 crore Initial Public Offering (IPO).
• ICICI Prudential AMC is a Joint Venture (JV) between ICICI Bank and Prudential Corporation Holdings Ltd (UK).
• The IPO is fully an Offer for Sale (OFS), meaning all proceeds go to Prudential Corporation Holdings, not to the company.
• Prudential Corporation Holdings, which holds 49% stake, will sell up to 4.94 crore equity shares under the OFS.
• ICICI Bank will retain its 51% stake post-IPO.
• KFin Technologies Ltd has been appointed as the registrar for the IPO.
• SEBI also approved IPOs of Powerica Ltd, Technocraft Ventures, and Annu Projects.
• An Initial Public Offering (IPO) is when a private company first issues shares to the public, enabling stock exchange listing and public trading.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: NATIONAL AND STATE NEWS

Rajasthan Achieves 100% Digitisation of Electoral Rolls under Special Intensive Revision 2025

• Rajasthan becomes the first state in India to achieve 100% digitisation of electoral rolls under the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) programme, announced by Chief Electoral Officer Navin Mahajan.
• SIR by the Election Commission of India updates voter lists by verifying identities, mapping addresses, deleting duplicates, adding new voters, and correcting errors.
• Rajasthan’s achievement: 100% voter roll digitisation completed, 97% voter mapping done, only 3% of voters need document submission, and an average of 30 voters per booth require verification.
• Benefits of digitisation: Simplified verification through automated systems, real-time updates for transparency, improved efficiency, easy online access, reduced electoral fraud, and enhanced voter participation.
• Field staff contribution: Success driven by Booth Level Officers, panchayat-level staff, assistant officers, and supervisors.
• Electoral timeline: Draft roll-on 16 December 2025, claims and objections 16 December 2025 – 15 January 2026, hearings and verification 16 December 2025 – 7 February 2026, and final roll-on 14 February 2026.
• Digitisation sets a benchmark for other states and strengthens electoral transparency and accuracy.

About Rajasthan:

• Capital: Jaipur
• Governor: Haribhau Bagade
• Chief Minister: Bajan Lal Sharma
• National Parks: Ranthambhore National Park, Sariska Tiger Reserve, Keoladeo National Park (Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary), Desert National Park
• Wildlife Sanctuaries: Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Darrah Wildlife Sanctuary, Ranthambore Wildlife Sanctuary, Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary

RECENT NEWS

• In a significant step toward strengthening India’s green infrastructure, Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Bhupender Yadav, inaugurated Rajasthan’s first Namo Biodiversity Park—also called ‘NAMO VAN’—at Pratap Bandh, Alwar,

11th India International Science Festival 2025 in Panchkula, Haryana

• The 11th edition of the India International Science Festival (IISF 2025) was held in Panchkula, Haryana from 6th to 9th December 2025, celebrating India’s achievements in science, innovation, and technology.
• Theme: “Vigyan Se Samruddhi: for Aatmanirbhar Bharat” (Science for Prosperity and Self-Reliant India), reflecting the government’s vision to position science as a driver of economic growth, social welfare, and national development.
• The festival aims to promote science and innovation for self-reliance, integrate traditional knowledge with modern research, and foster scientific temper and curiosity among citizens.
• Focus Areas and Activities: The event covers ecology and Himalayan science, science for society and education, self-reliance through science and technology, biotechnology and bio-economy, and traditional knowledge with modern science.
• Over 150 technical sessions are scheduled on topics such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), quantum technology, space science, gene editing, climate science, advanced materials, and agricultural technology.
• Participation: More than 40,000 participants, including scientists, researchers, industry leaders, startups, students, women educators, policy makers, and community innovators, are expected to engage in the festival, promoting collaboration and knowledge sharing.
• Organisers and Support: IISF 2025 is led by the Ministry of Earth Sciences and coordinated by Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, with support from Department of Science and Technology (DST), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Department of Space, and Department of Atomic Energy.
• The outreach partner is Vijnana Bharati, a national movement promoting science in Indian society.

About Haryana:

• Chief Minister: Nayab Singh Saini
• Governor: Ashim Kumar Ghosh
• Capital: Chandigarh
• National Parks: Sultanpur National Park, Kalesar National Park
• Wildlife Sanctuaries: Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary, Kalesar Wildlife Sanctuary, Nahar Wildlife Sanctuary

RECENT NEWS

• In a move aimed at strengthening women’s economic empowerment, the Government of Haryana has modified the disbursement structure of the Deen Dayal Lado Lakshmi Yojana (DDLLY)

Banas Dairy Launches Bio-Compressed Natural Gas and Fertilizer Plant; Foundation Laid for Milk Powder Unit under White Revolution 2.0

• Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Amit Shah inaugurated the newly constructed Bio-Compressed Natural Gas (Bio-CNG) and Fertilizer Plant of Banas Dairy and laid the foundation stone for a 150-ton milk powder plant in Vav–Tharad District, Gujarat.
• The Bio-CNG plant will convert cow dung and other organic waste into renewable bio-fuel and organic manure, promoting a circular economy model. This initiative aims to improve environmental sustainability and farmer incomes.
• Additional facilities announced include a paneer plant, a protein unit, and production of high-value dairy products, strengthening the value addition in India’s cooperative dairy sector.
• Banas Dairy, now Asia’s largest milk-producing cooperative, has achieved an annual turnover of ₹24,000 crore, positioning Gujarat as a hub of India’s cooperative dairy movement.
• This initiative aligns with the Government of India’s White Revolution 2.0, which is built on four pillars:
  • National Gokul Mission
  • Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund
  • Restructured National Dairy Plan
  • National Animal Disease Control Programme
    The objective is to double farmers’ income, promote self-reliance, and expand value-added dairy production across the country.
• Emphasis was placed on women’s empowerment, as milk collection, processing, and distribution at Banas Dairy are managed largely by women. Profits are directly deposited into their bank accounts weekly, demonstrating an inclusive and transparent cooperative model.
• The circular economy dairy model at Banas Dairy includes:
  • Bio-CNG production from animal waste
  • Organic fertilizer manufacturing
  • Production of high-value dairy products such as protein powder, baby food, and dairy whiteners
  • Cooperative-based animal feed production and related value-chain integration
• The Government projects that this model can increase farmer income by at least 20 percent without increasing milk production, by leveraging waste-to-resource conversion and value addition.
• To replicate this model nationwide, the Government announced:
  • A visit by 250 dairy leaders from across India to Banas Dairy in January 2026
  • Launch of three national-level cooperatives for seeds, organic products, and exports
  • Introduction of Micro-Automated Teller Machines (Micro-ATMs) in milk cooperatives to support financial services and logistics
  • Expansion of cooperative operations to cover the full agriculture and dairy value chain, including cheese, khoya, edible oils, honey, and packaging
• The initiative underlines the Government of India’s focus on transforming the dairy sector from mere milk production to a comprehensive value-chain agribusiness, ensuring rural prosperity, self-reliance, and sustainable development under the cooperative framework.

RECENT NEWS

• In a key infrastructure move, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has approved two critical multitracking railway projects worth ₹2,781 crore. These projects aim to strengthen the Indian Railways network in Maharashtra and Gujarat, enhancing both passenger and freight capacity.

About Gujarat:

• Chief Minister: Bhupendra Patel
• Governor: Acharya Devvrat
• Capital: Gandhinagar
• National Parks: Gir National Park, Blackbuck National Park, Vansda National Park, Marine National Park
• Wildlife Sanctuaries: Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, Velavadar Blackbuck Sanctuary, Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, Barda Wildlife Sanctuary, Purna Wildlife Sanctuary

India Launches Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address Digital Address System

• India launched DHRUVA (Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address) developed by the Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications, to digitise and standardise physical addresses across the country.
• The initiative introduces the concept of Address as a Service (AaaS) to support verified, secure, and interoperable address usage in services such as logistics, e-commerce, finance, and public welfare schemes.

Key Highlights:

• Under the system, every physical location will receive a Digital Address Identifier (DAI), enabling accurate validation and faster service delivery, especially in rural and semi-urban areas where address inconsistencies are common.
• To implement the system legally, amendments have been proposed to the Post Office Act, 2023, providing statutory backing for digital address creation, privacy protection, compliance, and usage regulations.
• A National Network Administrator will be appointed to ensure governance, interoperability, security standards, and ecosystem coordination.
• The framework includes key components such as Address Service Providers (ASPs) for generating and managing addresses and Address Validation Agencies (AVAs) for authentication and verification.
• The system follows a consent-based governance model, meaning a digital address can only be generated, shared, or used with the individual’s approval.
• The initiative aims to solve challenges such as failed deliveries, identity errors, subsidy leakage, and inefficient service mapping, while reducing logistics and administrative costs.
• The draft bill related to DHRUVA was released on 7 December 2025, and public comments are open until 31 December 2025, inviting feedback from citizens, industries, experts, and institutions.

Right to Disconnect Bill 2025 introduced in Lok Sabha

• Supriya Sule, Member of Parliament (MP) from the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), introduced the Right to Disconnect Bill 2025 in the Lok Sabha to protect employees from digital burnout and excessive work-related communication beyond office hours.
• The bill grants employees the legal right to refuse official calls, emails, messages, or digital communication after working hours or on holidays without facing any disciplinary action.
• The provision applies to all forms of communication, including calls, texts, emails, and virtual meetings.
• The bill proposes that if an employee voluntarily works after office hours, they should receive overtime payment at the normal wage rate.
• Employers and employees must mutually define rules for emergency communication, allowing flexibility in exceptional operational needs. Committees may be formed in organisations to finalise these terms.
• The bill recommends penalties for non-compliance, with violating organisations facing a fine equivalent to 1% of the total remuneration paid to the affected employee.
• The bill highlights increasing issues caused by the “always connected” work culture, including:
  • Telepressure (stress caused by expectation to reply immediately)
  • Sleep loss and fatigue
  • Emotional exhaustion and anxiety
  • Digital overload or “info-obesity”
• India currently follows a 48-hour work week, one of the longest globally, and the bill addresses the blurring boundaries between personal and professional time, especially after the rise of remote working.
• A similar bill was previously introduced by Supriya Sule in 2019 but did not move forward. The 2025 version reflects renewed urgency, especially after the pandemic-driven digital work transition.
• Globally, several countries including France, Italy, and the Philippines have enacted similar laws. France introduced such a rule in 2017 requiring companies with more than 50 employees to negotiate after-hours communication policies, positioning India’s bill in alignment with global labour-right reforms focused on mental well-being and work-life balance.

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India reports rise in India’s internet subscribers in Q2 Financial Year 2025–26

• The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) released data showing that India’s total internet subscribers increased by 1.49% during the July– September 2025 quarter (Q2 Financial Year 2025–26).
• The number of internet users rose from 1,002.85 million in Q1 Financial Year 2025–26 to 1,017.81 million in Q2 Financial Year 2025–26, marking continued growth in digital penetration.

Key Highlights:

• Wireless internet users accounted for 973.39 million, and wired internet users stood at 44.42 million, showing that 95.6% of India’s internet base remains mobile-driven.
• Broadband subscription increased from 979.71 million in Q1 Financial Year 2025–26 to 995.63 million in Q2 Financial Year 2025–26, reflecting a growth of 1.63%, while narrowband subscriptions declined from 23.14 million to 22.18 million, registering a fall of 4.14% due to wider availability of 4G and 5G services.
• Wireline subscribers fell from 47.49 million to 46.61 million, a decline of 1.84% quarterly, though year-on-year wireline growth recorded a strong increase of 26.21%, signalling rising demand for Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) services.
• Wireline tele-density reduced from 3.36% in Q1 Financial Year 2025–26 to 3.29% in Q2 Financial Year 2025–26, a quarterly decline of 2.06%.
• The Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) – wireless segment increased from ₹186.62 in Q1 Financial Year 2025–26 to ₹190.99 in Q2 Financial Year 2025–26, showing quarterly growth of 2.34% and year-on-year growth of 10.67%.
• Segment-wise revenue showed:
  • Prepaid ARPU: ₹189.69
  • Postpaid ARPU: ₹204.55
• Minutes of Usage (MOU) slightly decreased from 1,006 minutes per month in Q1 Financial Year 2025–26 to 1,005 minutes per month in Q2 Financial Year 2025–26, a marginal decline of 0.10%, indicating stabilisation in traditional voice calling as users increasingly prefer Over-the-Top (OTT) communication platforms.

Government of India launches Pariksha Pe Charcha 2026

• The Government of India has announced the return of its annual programme Pariksha Pe Charcha (PPC) 2026, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, aimed at fostering a positive and stress-free exam mindset among students, teachers, and parents.
• Pariksha Pe Charcha was launched in 2018 to encourage open conversation on exam pressure, emotional well-being, confidence building, and holistic preparation, aligning with the goals of the National Education Policy 2020.
• The 9th edition of the programme will take place in January 2026, and participation is open to students from Classes 6 to 12, teachers, and parents.
• Registration is being conducted through an online multiple-choice competition on the MyGov platform between
  1st December 2025 and 11th January 2026.
• All registered participants will receive an official certificate of participation, and the registration link is hosted on the MyGov innovation website.
• Pariksha Pe Charcha has grown significantly—from 22,000 participants in 2018 to becoming a global educational movement, addressing important topics such as:
  • Time and stress management
  • Balancing studies with hobbies
  • Use of digital learning tools
  • Role of discipline, nutrition, and mental health
• The 8th edition (PPC 2025) was held on 10th February 2025 at Sunder Nursery, New Delhi, featuring an outdoor format with 36 student representatives, one from each State and Union Territory, from:
  • Kendriya Vidyalayas
  • Navodaya Vidyalayas
  • Central Board of Secondary Education schools
  • Eklavya Model Residential Schools
  • Sainik Schools
• Additional attendees included winners of Kala Utsav and Veer Gatha, as well as alumni of Prerana.
• The 2025 edition also aired seven special episodes focusing on:
  • Sports and discipline
  • Mental health
  • Creativity and positivity
  • Technology and finance
  • Nutrition and wellness
• Pariksha Pe Charcha 2025 achieved a Guinness World Record for the largest global online educational interaction, recording:
  • 3.56 crore registrations
  • Participation by students from over 245 countries
  • Participation by teachers from 153 countries
  • Participation by parents from 149 countries
• Additionally, 1.55 crore individuals participated in Jan Andolan activities, bringing total engagement to nearly 5 crore people worldwide, making it one of the largest and most inclusive educational initiatives at a global level.

CURRENT AFFAIRS : APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS

Apple appoints Bangalore University alumnus Amar Subramanya as its new Vice-President of Artificial Intelligence

• Apple has appointed Amar Subramanya as its Vice-President of Artificial Intelligence (AI), marking a significant shift in leadership to accelerate its global AI strategy.
• Amar Subramanya is a Bengaluru-educated researcher, with a Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical, Electronics and Communications from Bangalore University (2001).
• His career includes roles at IBM, Microsoft, and Google, where he led AI initiatives and research, including a return to Microsoft in senior AI roles.
• In his new position, Subramanya will oversee Apple’s foundation models, machine learning research, and AI safety and evaluation, which are central to Apple’s product and software strategy.
• He will report to Software Head Craig Federighi, reflecting Apple’s plan to integrate AI deeper into its ecosystem.
• The appointment occurs amid global competition in AI, with tech companies investing heavily in generative AI, safety frameworks, and large-scale AI model development.
• This move demonstrates Apple’s commitment to strengthening AI infrastructure, broadening research capabilities, and developing AI-driven features for consumer products.

CURRENT AFFAIRS : DEFENCE NEWS

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh  Inaugurates 125 Strategic BRO Projects Across Border Areas

• Union Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated 125 strategically important Border Roads Organisation (BRO) infrastructure projects, including 28 roads, 93 bridges, and 4 miscellaneous works, marking the highest number of BRO projects launched simultaneously.
• The inauguration was conducted from UT Ladakh, and the Minister also virtually inaugurated the Galwan War Memorial in eastern Ladakh, built to honour Indian Army personnel martyred in the 2020 India–China clash.

Key Highlights :

• Among the major projects, the 920-metre Shyok Tunnel on the Durbuk–Shyok–Daulat Beg Oldie (DS–DBO) Road, along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in eastern Ladakh, was inaugurated and is expected to provide all-weather connectivity and enhanced security and mobility.
• The 125 projects worth ₹5,000 crore span across 2 UTs—Ladakh and Jammu & Kashmir—and 7 States: Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, West Bengal, and Mizoram.
• In Uttarakhand, the Minister inaugurated 5 key border bridges in the Niti Pass region, Chamoli district, near the China border: Pangti Bridge, Suraithota Bridge, Ghamshali Bridge, Gurkuti Bridge, and Niti Bridge.
• Arunachal Pradesh accounts for 32 of the 125 projects, including works under Project Brahmank, such as the 35 m Shene Nallah Bridge (Shi Yomi), 15 m Ritbung Bridge, 40 m Rabung Bridge, 40 m Seyo Nallah Bridge, 20 m Sirak Nallah Bridge, and 45 m Naglung Ri Bridge (Upper Siang).
• The remaining projects in Arunachal Pradesh are implemented under Project Vartak, Project Arunank, and Project Udayak, aiming to strengthen troop support along the India–China border in Shi Yomi and Upper Siang
• These projects ensure uninterrupted connectivity for armed forces and local residents, improving operational preparedness and facilitating faster troop movement in sensitive border regions.
• The BRO recorded its highest-ever annual expenditure of ₹16,690 crore in FY25, and has set a target of ₹18,700 crore expenditure for FY26, indicating significant scaling of strategic infrastructure.
• In the past two years, the BRO has dedicated 356 infrastructure projects to the nation, reflecting substantial growth in border and strategic infrastructure development.
• The Government of India increased the BRO budget from ₹6,500 crore to ₹7,146 crore in the Union Budget FY26, strengthening its financial capacity for border-area development.

About Border Roads Organisation (BRO) :

• Director General: Gen. Raghu Srinivasan
• Headquarters: New Delhi
• Established: 1960

Indian Navy Sends Four Additional Ships with 1,000 Tons of HADR Supplies to Sri Lanka under Operation Sagar Bandhu

• As part of Operation Sagar Bandhu, India deployed four more Indian Navy ships – INS Gharial, LCU 54, LCU 51 and LCU 57 to deliver HADR supplies to cyclone-affected Sri Lanka.
• Earlier, INS Vikrant, INS Udaygiri and INS Sukanya had already provided relief assistance and heli-borne Search & Rescue (SAR)
• The three LCUs (Landing Craft Utility) reached Colombo on 07 December 2025 and handed over critical relief material to Sri Lankan authorities.
• INS Gharial is scheduled to arrive at Trincomalee on 08 December 2025 to continue the humanitarian assistance mission.
• The deployment carries 1,000 tons of relief supplies, highlighting strong India–Sri Lanka people-to-people ties.
• The mission reflects the Indian Navy’s commitment to providing timely HADR support (Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief) to Indian Ocean Region (IOR) neighbours.

Indian Army Hosts Third Edition of Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2025

• The Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2025 was held at the Manekshaw Centre, New Delhi, inaugurated by President Droupadi Murmu, bringing together military leaders, global experts, diplomats, industry representatives, and scholars.
• The dialogue focused on India’s vision of Sashakt (Empowered), Surakshit (Secure), and Viksit (Developed) Bharat, addressing security challenges, defence reforms, and technological advancements in cyber, space, and cognitive warfare.
• General Upendra Dwivedi highlighted the Army’s transformation roadmap with HOP 2032, STEP 2037, and JUMP 2047, emphasizing indigenisation, innovation, and stronger military–industry–academia collaboration.
• The event was organised by the Indian Army, in collaboration with the Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS).
• It was the third edition of the dialogue, examining India’s security challenges and technological frontiers in an increasingly contested global landscape.

CURRENT AFFAIRS : SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Ancient Spiral Galaxy ‘Alaknanda’ Detected by Indian Astronomers with James Webb Space Telescope

• Indian astronomers from National Centre for Radio Astrophysics -Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (NCRA-TIFR), Pune, Maharashtra discovered a massive ancient spiral galaxy named Alaknanda, located 12 billion light-years away, using James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) data.
• The discovery was made by Rashi Jain and Professor Yogesh Wadadekar and was published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

Key Highlights :

• The galaxy was named Alaknanda after the Alaknanda River, symbolically paired with the Mandakini River, the Hindi name for the Milky Way.
• JWST deep-field observations revealed Alaknanda located behind Abell 2744 (Pandora’s Cluster), where gravitational lensing amplified its light and enabled high-resolution imaging.
• Alaknanda is a 30,000-light-year-wide grand-design spiral galaxy featuring a central bulge, a rotating disk, symmetric spiral arms, and star-forming clusters arranged in a beads-on-a-string pattern.
• The galaxy contains around 10 billion solar masses of stars and shows a star-formation rate 20–30 times higher than that of the Milky Way.
• The extremely high star-formation rate indicates rapid assembly within a few hundred million years after the early universe formed.
• Alaknanda is observed as it existed 12 billion years ago, making it a fully developed spiral galaxy in the early universe.
• The galaxy’s mature structure challenges existing models that predicted early galaxies to be chaotic, irregular, and slow-forming, thus providing new insights into galaxy evolution.

Genesys Unveils India’s First 3D Subsurface Mapping Technology for Adani Airports

• Genesys International Corporation Limited launched India’s first 3D subsurface mapping technology and secured a ₹17.38 crore contract from Bureau Veritas to deploy it across six Adani Group airports–Mumbai, Thiruvananthapuram, Lucknow, Jaipur, Guwahati, and Ahmedabad.
• The project will use 3D Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) combined with high-precision LiDAR technology to detect and map underground utilities.
• 3D Building Information Modelling (BIM) outputs will be generated to provide accurate visualization of buried infrastructure, including cables, pipelines, and service lines.
• The 3D BIM data will help enhance airport expansion planning, increase safety, and improve infrastructure management at the selected airports.
• Genesys also unveiled India’s first indigenous 3D subsurface mapping technology, marking a significant milestone in the country’s digital infrastructure development.
• The initiative supports India’s growing focus on smart infrastructure, utility management, and advanced digital mapping solutions.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: MOUS AND AGREEMENT

National Mineral Development Corporation signs MoU with Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur for Cybersecurity and Digital Transformation

• The National Mineral Development Corporation, India’s largest iron ore producer, has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur to enhance cybersecurity infrastructure and accelerate the adoption of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in mining operations.
• The MoU was signed on 6th December 2025 by Satyendra Rai, Executive Director (Digital Transformation) of the National Mineral Development Corporation, and Professor Ashoke De, Dean of Research and Development at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur.
• The collaboration focuses on multiple technology-driven objectives, including:
  • Cybersecurity risk assessment and resilience planning
  • Policy support and compliance with cybersecurity frameworks
  • Artificial Intelligence-based and Machine Learning-based integration in mining systems
  • Security operations and incident response mechanisms
  • Joint research, innovation projects, and technology pilot testing
  • Capacity-building training programmes and workshops
  • Development of proof-of-concept digital solutions
• The partnership is being guided under the leadership of Professor Manindra Agrawal, Director of the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, and Amitava Mukherjee, Chairman and Managing Director of the National Mineral Development Corporation.
• The agreement holds major significance as it aims to:
  • Strengthen cybersecurity measures to protect critical mining data and infrastructure from increasing digital threats.
  • Enable digital transformation in mining, using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for predictive maintenance, operational optimisation, equipment monitoring, and safety enhancement.
  • Promote research-based innovation, creating indigenous digital solutions tailored to India’s mining sector.
  • Support skill development and digital literacy among employees through structured training and workshops.
• This collaboration positions the National Mineral Development Corporation as a future-ready and digitally secure mining organisation equipped to adopt advanced technologies for long-term operational efficiency and security.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: RANKING AND REPORTS

Ghaziabad Recorded Worst Air Pollution Levels in India – November 2025

• According to a report by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh) recorded the highest PM2.5 levels in India in November 2025 at 224 µg/m³, making it the most polluted city during the month.
• The report showed that several cities in the National Capital Region (NCR) experienced hazardous air quality levels throughout the month, with many recording unsafe air quality on all 30 days.
• Top 10 Most Polluted Cities (November 2025):
  1. Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh) – PM2.5: 224 µg/m³
  2. Noida (Uttar Pradesh)
  3. Bahadurgarh (Haryana)
  4. Delhi – PM2.5: 215 µg/m³
  5. Hapur (Uttar Pradesh)
  6. Greater Noida (Uttar Pradesh)
  7. Baghpat (Uttar Pradesh)
  8. Sonipat (Haryana)
  9. Meerut (Uttar Pradesh)
  10. Rohtak (Haryana)
• The report noted that 20 out of 29 cities in the National Capital Region recorded higher PM2.5 levels in November 2025 compared to the same month in 2024.
• The rise in pollution occurred despite a decline in stubble burning incidents, indicating continued dominance of pollution sources such as vehicular emissions, industry, construction dust, and adverse winter weather conditions.
• Nationwide comparison showed widespread exceedance of safe pollution limits:

• • Rajasthan: 23 out of 34 cities
  • Haryana: 22 out of 25 cities
  • Uttar Pradesh: 14 out of 20 cities
  • Madhya Pradesh: 9 out of 12 cities
  • Odisha: 9 out of 14 cities
  • Punjab: 7 out of 8 cities

• In contrast, Shillong (Meghalaya) recorded the lowest PM2.5 level in India at 7 µg/m³ during the same period. Other clean-performing states included Karnataka, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
• PM2.5 (particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers) poses severe health risks as it can enter the lungs and bloodstream, increasing cases of asthma, bronchitis, cardiovascular illnesses, and premature mortality.

• • World Health Organization (WHO) safe limit:
    • Annual: 15 µg/m³
    • 24-hour: 25 µg/m³
  • Ghaziabad’s levels were about 9 times higher than the 24-hour permissible limit.

• Seasonal factors such as temperature inversion, low wind speed, biomass and waste burning, increased fuel combustion, and leftover effects of crop residue burning contributed to the worsening air quality in November.
• The findings highlight the need for strict pollution control measures, including better enforcement of construction dust rules, strengthening public transport, improved waste management, clean energy transition, and enhanced implementation of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) with coordinated action between the Central Government, State Governments, and local authorities.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: SPORTS NEWS

Yashasvi Jaiswal becomes the 6th Indian to score centuries in all three formats of international cricket

• Yashasvi Jaiswal scored his maiden One Day International (ODI) century during the third and final match against South Africa in Visakhapatnam.
• This innings helped India successfully chase 271 runs, and the century placed Jaiswal in an elite category of cricketers.
• With this milestone, Yashasvi Jaiswal becomes the 6th Indian cricketer to score centuries in all three formats of men’s international cricket — Test Matches, One Day Internationals (ODIs), and Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is), showcasing his adaptability and all-format consistency.
• Before this innings, Jaiswal had already scored:
  • 7 Test centuries
  • 1 Twenty20 International (T20I) century
• His fluent batting display showed aggression, control, and maturity, reflecting his readiness to play long-term roles in India’s white-ball cricket setup.
• With this achievement, the list of Indian players with centuries across all formats now includes:

1. Suresh Raina
2. Rohit Sharma
3. KL Rahul (Kannanur Lokesh Rahul)
4. Virat Kohli
5. Shubman Gill
6. Yashasvi Jaiswal

• At 23 years of age, Jaiswal’s journey from hardship and local cricket to achieving this rare international milestone highlights his determination, temperament, and strong technical ability.
• His skillset positions him as a valuable asset for:
  • Long-format innings in Test cricket
  • Controlled yet aggressive batting in One Day Internationals (ODIs)
  • Explosive stroke play in Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is)
• With this accomplishment, Jaiswal is expected to remain a key member of India’s future white-ball cricket plans, including preparations for the 2026 ICC Twenty20 World Cup.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: IMPORTANT DAYS

Human Rights Day 2025 is observed on the 10th of December

• Human Rights Day 2025 is observed on 10th December.Human Rights are treating every person with the right to life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness.
• The Human Rights Day 2025 theme set by the WHO this year is “Human Rights: Our Everyday Essentials.”
• Human Rights Day’s first observation was started in 1948 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
• The day was popular to all when the UN issued a Human Rights Stamp which covered and understood the concept by millions of people.
• It was issued by the United Nations Postal Administration in 1952, which received over 200,000 advanced orders.
• The aim of the Declaration of Human Rights is to establish a common standard of living for all people across the planet and to encourage all UN Members of State, to increase the standard of living among people in their respective countries.

Nobel Prize Day 2025 is observed on 10th December

• Nobel Prize Day 2025 is observed on 10th December. Nobel Prize Day 2025 is also known as the Death Anniversary of Alfred Nobel.
• It honors the achievements of Alfred Bernhard Nobel, a Swedish engineer, chemist, entrepreneur, and philanthropist.
• Alfred Nobel’s father was an engineer himself and Alfred Nobel expressed early interest in engineering, and explosives in particular. Nobel became interested in stabilizing the unpredictable explosive nitroglycerin.
• While conducting the experiments an unexpected accident took place which cost the life of his brother. But Nobel continued his work ultimately succeeding in inventing dynamite as a superior and more stable version of nitroglycerin.
• Alfred Nobel went on to invent an even better alternative to dynamite in the form of gelignite.
• Later he re-evaluated his life’s goals and decided to use his earnings to set up a prize that recognized the best in humanity. The prizes in the different categories reflect his own interests in various fields.
• Alfred Nobel died on 10 December 1896, in Sanremo, Italy, at his very last residence, Villa Nobel, overlooking the Mediterranean Sea.

 Daily CA One- Liner: December 10^th

• Rajasthan becomes the first state in India to achieve 100% digitisation of electoral rolls under the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) programme, announced by Chief Electoral Officer Navin Mahajan
• The 11th edition of the India International Science Festival (IISF 2025) was held in Panchkula, Haryana from 6th to 9th December 2025, celebrating India’s achievements in science, innovation, and technology.
• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) report (June 2025) recognised Unified Payments Interface (UPI) as the world’s largest retail Fast-Payment System (FPS) by transaction volume.
• The Government is actively working with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and other regulators to curb the operations of unauthorized digital loan apps in India.
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) conducted the 58th and 5th Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting of Financial Year 2025-26 (FY26) from 3–5 December 2025, chaired by Governor Sanjay Malhotra, and attended by Nagesh Kumar, Saugata Bhattacharyya, Prof. Ram Singh, Dr. Poonam Gupta, and Indranil Bhattacharyya.
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released the results of the 15th biennial Foreign Collaboration Survey (FCS), covering FY 2023–24 and FY 2024–25, capturing financial and operational data of Indian companies with foreign technical collaboration.
• The International Finance Corporation (IFC) invested USD 50 million (₹450 crore) in GFCL EV Products Limited, a subsidiary of Gujarat Fluorochemicals Limited (GFL), through compulsorily convertible instruments.
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announced Open Market Operations (OMO) purchases of ₹1 lakh crore and a 3-year USD/INR buy–sell swap of $5 billion in December 2025 to inject durable liquidity into the banking system.
• The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) launched the Past Risk and Return Verification Agency (PaRRVA) to prevent misleading past-performance claims in advertisements by Research Analysts (RAs), Investment Advisors (IAs), and stock brokers.
• The Unified Payments Interface (UPI), operated by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), experienced a marginal dip in both transaction volume and value in November 2025 after a festival surge in October.
• The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) granted final approval to ICICI Prudential Asset Management Company (AMC) to launch its Rs 10,000 crore Initial Public Offering (IPO).
• Apple has appointed Amar Subramanya as its Vice-President of Artificial Intelligence (AI), marking a significant shift in leadership to accelerate its global AI strategy.
• Union Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated 125 strategically important Border Roads Organisation (BRO) infrastructure projects, including 28 roads, 93 bridges, and 4 miscellaneous works, marking the highest number of BRO projects launched simultaneously.
• As part of Operation Sagar Bandhu, India deployed four more Indian Navy ships – INS Gharial, LCU 54, LCU 51 and LCU 57 to deliver HADR supplies to cyclone-affected Sri Lanka.
• The Chanakya Defence Dialogue 2025 was held at the Manekshaw Centre, New Delhi, inaugurated by President Droupadi Murmu, bringing together military leaders, global experts, diplomats, industry representatives, and scholars.
• Indian astronomers from National Centre for Radio Astrophysics -Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (NCRA-TIFR), Pune, Maharashtra discovered a massive ancient spiral galaxy named Alaknanda, located 12 billion light-years away, using James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) data.
• Genesys International Corporation Limited launched India’s first 3D subsurface mapping technology and secured a ₹17.38 crore contract from Bureau Veritas to deploy it across six Adani Group airports–Mumbai, Thiruvananthapuram, Lucknow, Jaipur, Guwahati, and Ahmedabad.
• Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Amit Shah inaugurated the newly constructed Bio-Compressed Natural Gas (Bio-CNG) and Fertilizer Plant of Banas Dairy and laid the foundation stone for a 150-ton milk powder plant in Vav–Tharad District, Gujarat
• India launched DHRUVA (Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address) developed by the Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications, to digitise and standardise physical addresses across the country
• Supriya Sule, Member of Parliament (MP) from the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), introduced the Right to Disconnect Bill 2025 in the Lok Sabha to protect employees from digital burnout and excessive work-related communication beyond office hours
• The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) released data showing that India’s total internet subscribers increased by 49% during the July– September 2025 quarter
• The Government of India has announced the return of its annual programme Pariksha Pe Charcha (PPC) 2026, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, aimed at fostering a positive and stress-free exam mindset among students, teachers, and parents
• The National Mineral Development Corporation, India’s largest iron ore producer, has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur to enhance cybersecurity infrastructure and accelerate the adoption of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in mining operations
• According to a report by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh) recorded the highest PM2.5 levels in India in November 2025 at 224 µg/m³, making it the most polluted city during the month
• Yashasvi Jaiswal scored his maiden One Day International (ODI) century during the third and final match against South Africa in Visakhapatnam
• Human Rights Day 2025 is observed on 10th December.Human Rights are treating every person with the right to life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness
• Nobel Prize Day 2025 is observed on 10th December. Nobel Prize Day 2025 is also known as the Death Anniversary of Alfred Nobel