Daily Current Affairs 30th October 2025 | Latest News | Download PDF

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CURRENT AFFAIRS : BANKING, FINANCE & BUSINESS

Reserve Bank of India Issues Draft Guidelines Permitting Banks to Provide Acquisition Finance to Financially Sound Listed Companies

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released draft guidelines allowing banks to extend acquisition finance only to listed Indian companies with satisfactory net worth and profitability for the last three years.
• The target company’s annual returns must be available for at least the previous three financial years, and the acquisition value must be determined by two independent valuations as per SEBI regulations.
• The aggregate exposure of a bank towards acquisition finance must not exceed 10% of its Tier I capital, and the overall Capital Market Exposure (CME) must not exceed 40% of Tier I capital.
• The direct CME, including investment and acquisition finance exposures, must not exceed 20% of Tier I capital on a solo or consolidated basis.
• Banks are allowed to finance up to 70% of the acquisition value, while the acquiring company must contribute at least 30% equity from its own funds.
• The credit assessment will be based on the combined balance sheet of the acquirer and target company, and the post-acquisition debt-equity ratio should not exceed 3:1.
• The RBI also proposed allowing banks to finance acquisitions of public sector companies under the Government’s disinvestment programme, provided the promoters have a strong track record and adequate net worth.

India’s Industrial Output Rises 4% in September 2025, Showing Continued Resilience

• India’s industrial sector showed resilience in September 2025, with the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) growing by 4.0% year-on-year, according to the National Statistical Office (NSO).
• The IIP serves as a key indicator of industrial activity, covering the mining, manufacturing, and electricity sectors.
• The IIP stood at 152.8 (Base Year 2011–12 = 100) in September 2025, up from 146.9 in the same month last year.
• The 4.0% growth indicates a steady recovery and sustained industrial momentum despite global and domestic challenges.
• The growth was driven by improvement in manufacturing output, moderate gains in electricity, and a marginal contraction in mining.
• The mining sector contracted by 0.4%, affected by lower mineral production and seasonal factors.
• The manufacturing sector, which accounts for 78% of the IIP, recorded a 4.8% growth, showing robust demand across industries.
• The electricity sector rose by 3.1%, supported by higher industrial and residential power consumption.

Key Highlights :

• Out of 23 manufacturing industry groups, 13 recorded positive growth, reflecting broad-based expansion.
• Top-performing manufacturing industries included:
• Basic Metals – up 12.3%, driven by steel and aluminum demand from infrastructure and construction.
• Electrical Equipment – surged 28.7%, due to renewable energy investments and consumer electronics growth.
• Motor Vehicles, Trailers, and Semi-trailers – increased 14.6%, showing strong automobile demand domestically and globally.
• Based on use-based classification, growth patterns were as follows:
• Primary Goods: +1.4% – steady raw material output.
• Capital Goods: +4.7% – rising investment in machinery and equipment.
• Intermediate Goods: +5.3% – strong production chain demand.
• Infrastructure/Construction Goods: +10.5% – robust public and private spending on infrastructure.
• Consumer Durables: +10.2% – festive season boost and retail demand growth.
• Consumer Non-Durables: -2.9% – decline due to weak rural and daily-use product demand.
• The Infrastructure/Construction Goods and Consumer Durables segments were the main growth drivers of industrial output.
• The balanced industrial performance indicates strength in manufacturing and investment demand, though mining remains weak.
• Capital and intermediate goods growth signal better capacity utilization and industrial revival.
• Overall, the September 2025 IIP data reflects a resilient and improving industrial economy, supported by manufacturing, infrastructure, and durable goods demand.

Reserve Bank of India Repatriates 64 Tonnes of Gold Between March and September 2025

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has accelerated gold repatriation, bringing home nearly 64 tonnes in the half-year to September 2025 amid global concerns over offshore sovereign asset safety.
• As of September-end 2025, the RBI held 880.8 tonnes of gold, of which 575.8 tonnes are stored in India, 290.3 tonnes are with the Bank of England and BIS, while 14 tonnes are held as deposits.
• Since March 2023, the RBI has repatriated a total of 274 tonnes of gold, influenced by geopolitical risks such as the Russia–Ukraine war and the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, after which the G7 seized foreign reserves of both nations.
• The rise in global gold prices has increased gold’s share in India’s total forex reserves to 13.9% as of September 2025.
• The RBI’s total foreign currency assets stood at USD 579.18 billion, mostly invested in securities and deposits with other central banks, while a small portion is externally managed to diversify reserve management strategies.

Japan’s JPYC Inc. Launches World’s First Yen-Pegged Stablecoin “JPYC”

• Japanese fintech firm JPYC Inc. launched the world’s first Yen-pegged stablecoin “JPYC” maintaining a 1:1 peg with the Japanese Yen (JPY).
• The stablecoin is fully backed by domestic JPY deposits and Japanese Government Bonds (JGBs) to ensure stability and regulatory compliance.
• JPYC Inc. aims to issue up to 10 trillion JPY (around USD 66 billion) within the next three years, signaling large-scale adoption potential.
• JPYC transactions will be fee-free initially, with profits generated from interest on JGB reserves.
• JPYC operates across Ethereum, Avalanche, and Polygon, allowing easy integration with wallets, exchanges, and DeFi platforms.
• Users or partner institutions send JPY to an official on-ramp, after which JPYC tokens are minted on the blockchain in equivalent value.
• JPYC marks a major step in Japan’s digital finance innovation, being the first Yen-backed stablecoin designed for secure, blockchain-based payments and financial integration.

RBI FAQs-The Government Securities Act, 2006 and The Government Securities Regulations, 2007

• Government securities (G-Secs) are instruments issued by the Government to raise public loans or for other notified purposes.
• G-Secs can be in the form of Government Promissory Notes (GPNs), Bearer Bonds, Stocks, or Bond Ledger Accounts (BLAs).

Key Highlights :

• The Government Securities Act, 2006 consolidates and amends laws relating to Government securities and their management by the RBI.
• The Government Securities Regulations, 2007 were framed by the RBI to carry out the provisions of the Act.
• The G-Sec Act and Regulations came into force on December 1, 2007, and apply to all Government securities, including those issued before this date.
• The Public Debt Act, 1944 ceased to apply, and the Indian Securities Act, 1920 was repealed.
• Relief/Savings Bonds are also treated as Government securities and are issued in the form of Stock Certificates or BLAs.
• G-Secs in forms of GPN, bearer bond, stock, and BLA are issued by the RBI, while Agency Banks issue Relief/Savings Bonds in the form of BLA.
• Any person is generally eligible to invest in Government securities, as per specific Government Notifications.
• Stock refers to a G-Sec registered in RBI’s books, held in Subsidiary General Ledger (SGL), and transferable by registration in RBI’s records.
• A CSGL (Constituents’ Subsidiary General Ledger) account is maintained by agents with the RBI on behalf of constituents known as Gilt Account Holders (GAHs).
• A BLA (Bond Ledger Account) is a dematerialized account with RBI or an Agency Bank in which G-Secs are held.
• National Savings Certificates and Postal Savings Certificates are not covered under the G-Sec Act.
• G-Secs can be transferred by endorsement and delivery (GPNs) or delivery (bearer bonds), and electronically for SGL/CSGL/BLA
• The G-Sec Act provides nomination facilities except for GPNs and bearer bonds.
• A minor can be a nominee, but an adult must be appointed to receive proceeds on behalf of the minor.
• Nominees retain rights even after conversion, renewal, or issue of duplicate securities.
• Non-blood relatives or institutions/trusts can also be nominated if eligible to invest.
• G-Secs are eligible for conversion, consolidation, sub-division, renewal, stripping, and reconstitution.
• STRIPS (Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities) are zero-coupon securities derived from eligible G-Secs.
• Fees: ₹20 for renewal, conversion, or sub-division, ₹100 for duplicate issue.
• Government’s liability for unpaid interest ends after six years, though late claims may be accepted.
• No TDS on interest from Central/State Government securities (since June 1, 1997), except 8% Savings Bonds, 2003 (Taxable).
• RBI or its agents can grant inspection or information related to G-Secs upon request.
• Pledge, hypothecation, or lien can be created on SC, BLA, or SGL/CSGL securities for loans.
• Automatic redemption facility allows direct credit of maturity proceeds and interest to the investor’s bank account.
• PAN details are required for automatic redemption if proceeds exceed ₹1 lakh.
• RBI can inspect agents and impose penalties up to ₹5 lakh for violations of the Act or Regulations.
• Relief/Savings Bonds also enjoy nomination, automatic redemption, and pledge facilities.
• Interest on Relief/Savings Bonds can be cumulative or non-cumulative, paid half-yearly or at maturity.
• No TDS on interest from Relief/Savings Bonds except 8% Savings Bonds, 2003 (Taxable).
• Relief/Savings Bonds can be pledged as loan collateral with scheduled banks (from August 19, 2008).
• The title to bonds of deceased holders can be recognized through documents like Will, family settlement, or gift deed.
• Relief/Savings Bonds are transferable under certain conditions, including transfer to relatives or nominees.
• In case of delay in payment or credit of interest/maturity value, the bank must compensate investors at 8% per annum (effective April 10, 2012).

CURRENT AFFAIRS: NATIONAL AND STATE NEWS

Government of India Plans Major Reform in Classification of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs)

• The Government of India is undertaking a major reform in the classification and performance assessment of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) to enhance their competitiveness, accountability, and alignment with national goals under Vision 2047.
• The proposal includes the introduction of two new ‘Ratna’ categories in addition to the existing Maharatna, Navratna, and Miniratna statuses.

Key Highlights

• Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) are companies in which the Central Government holds at least 51% equity, either directly or through other CPSEs. These enterprises are registered under the Companies Act, 2013 or established by a Parliamentary Act, and their subsidiaries also fall under this category.
• CPSEs operate in key sectors such as oil & gas, power, infrastructure, heavy industries, and defence, contributing significantly to India’s economic growth and public welfare.
• Currently, CPSEs are classified into 14 Maharatna, 26 Navratna, and 74 Miniratna companies, determining their level of financial and operational autonomy.
• The reclassification aims to modernise CPSE operations, encourage performance-based governance, and promote sustainable practices in line with global standards.
• The government plans to adopt a comprehensive evaluation framework extending beyond traditional financial metrics. The new parameters being considered include corporate governance standards, succession planning and leadership development, capital expenditure and investment efficiency, dividend payout ratios, sustainability practices, and alignment with India’s Vision 2047 to make India a developed nation by its 100th year of independence.
• A 10-member committee, headed by Cabinet Secretary T.V. Somanathan, has been constituted to review these changes. The report is expected before the Union Budget 2026–27.
• The existing ‘Ratna’ status framework provides varying degrees of operational freedom: Maharatna firms can invest up to ₹5,000 crore without government approval, Navratna firms up to ₹1,000 crore, and Miniratna firms have limited autonomy within their sectors.
• The proposed new Ratna categories are expected to provide a more nuanced structure, helping CPSEs evolve into next-generation national champions in critical areas such as energy, technology, and infrastructure.

Uttar Pradesh Government Announces Creation of 76th District – Kalyan Singh Nagar

• The Uttar Pradesh Government has announced the formation of a new district named Kalyan Singh Nagar in honour of former Chief Minister Kalyan Singh, a prominent leader in the state’s political history.
• It will be the 76th district of Uttar Pradesh, carved out from tehsils of Aligarh and Bulandshahr districts.
• The new district aims to both honour the late leader and enhance administrative efficiency in the region.

Key Highlights

• Kalyan Singh, who served as Chief Minister twice (1991–92 and 1997–99), was closely associated with Atrauli, his birthplace and political base.
• Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath announced the decision publicly, highlighting Singh’s immense contribution to the state’s development and governance.
• The state government has directed district magistrates to prepare feasibility reports for the new district.
• As per the initial plan, Kalyan Singh Nagar will be formed by merging the Atrauli and Gangiri tehsils of Aligarh district and Dibai tehsil of Bulandshahr district.
• The formation of the new district aligns with the government’s focus on improving local governance, service delivery, and administrative reach by reorganising existing districts.
• Smaller districts are considered more responsive and manageable, especially in regions facing rising population and developmental challenges.
• Kalyan Singh was a key BJP leader known for his role during the Ram Janmabhoomi movement and his strong administrative approach.
• He was elected multiple times from Atrauli constituency and was revered for his pro-people governance, particularly benefiting backward and marginalised communities.
• His legacy continues through his emphasis on development-oriented governance, including reforms in education and rural infrastructure.

RECENT NEWS

• Uttar Pradesh has emerged as a national leader in digital public procurement, having recorded a staggering ₹65,227.68 crore in orders through the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) from FY 2020–21 to FY 2024–25.

About Uttar Pradesh:

• Chief Minister: Yogi Adityanath
• Governor: Anandiben Patel
• Capital: Lucknow
• National Parks: Dudhwa National Park
• Wildlife Sanctuaries: Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary, Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary (Shahid Chandra Shekhar Azad Bird Sanctuary), Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, Chandraprabha Wildlife Sanctuary, Mahavir Swami Wildlife Sanctuary, Ranipur Wildlife

National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC) Logo Unveiled at India Maritime Week 2025

• The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW) unveiled the official logo of the National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC) during the India Maritime Week 2025 celebrations held in Mumbai.
• The launch marked a crucial step in showcasing and preserving India’s vast maritime history and promoting it through digital, cultural, and tourism-led initiatives.

Key Highlights

• The NMHC, to be established at Lothal in Gujarat, is envisioned as a world-class facility to commemorate India’s ancient maritime legacy while inspiring future innovation in the maritime sector.
• India’s maritime history stretches over 5,000 years, from the Harappan port of Lothal to modern maritime trade routes.
• The NMHC aims to document and present this journey by creating a hub for knowledge, tourism, and global outreach.
• Unveiling the logo symbolizes the integration of historical pride with contemporary design and purpose.
• It sets the tone for the NMHC’s future role as a key destination for cultural tourism and maritime education.
• The NMHC will be located in Lothal, one of the world’s oldest known dockyards, linking modern India with its ancient seafaring traditions.
• The complex will include immersive museums and exhibits, digital and interactive galleries, tourism and hospitality zones, and spaces dedicated to marine archaeology, shipbuilding traditions, and naval evolution.
• This initiative is part of the broader effort to revive coastal culture and integrate maritime history into public consciousness.
• The NMHC also holds strategic and diplomatic significance, serving as a key piece in India’s maritime diplomacy.
• Collaboration with the Netherlands and the proposal for a Green and Digital Sea Corridor indicate India’s strategic commitment to:
  • Strengthening maritime ties with global partners.
  • Promoting eco-friendly shipping routes.
  • Leveraging its rich maritime past to lead in the blue economy.
• It reflects how heritage, innovation, and foreign policy are converging to shape India’s maritime future.

Ministry of Coal to Launch “Koyla Shakti – Smart Coal Analytics Dashboard”

• The Ministry of Coal will launch “Koyla Shakti – Smart Coal Analytics Dashboard”, marking a major advancement towards digital governance in the energy sector.
• The dashboard is a real-time analytics platform designed to serve as a centralized digital interface for monitoring coal production, logistics, and supply chain operations across India.
• It integrates data from multiple sources, including coal producers, ports, ministries, and industrial consumers, into one unified digital platform to ensure efficiency, transparency, and smarter decision-making.
• The system allows real-time tracking of coal production, dispatch, transportation, and consumption activities, enabling authorities to minimize delays and improve coordination across departments.

Key Highlights

• Key stakeholders associated with the platform include public and private coal mining companies, Ministries of Coal, Power, Railways, Finance, Ports and Highways, state departments (via E-Khanij platforms), thermal power producers, and port authorities.
• The dashboard offers a comprehensive overview of the coal supply chain, reflecting the full spectrum of coal movement and demand in the country.
• Major features of Koyla Shakti include:
  – Real-time monitoring of coal production and dispatch activities.
  – Integrated view of data from all coal-related agencies.
  – Built-in analytical tools for forecasting, planning, and policymaking.
  – Alert systems for disruptions or deviations in performance.
  – Standardized data formats to ensure consistency across contributors.
  – Operational efficiency through reduced manual reporting delays.
  – Scalability to integrate future datasets and services.
  – Transparency and accountability across departments.
  – Policy planning support using data-driven insights for future coal strategies.
• The Koyla Shakti Dashboard represents a significant technological initiative aimed at transforming India’s coal management ecosystem through data integration, transparency, and efficiency.

RECENT NEWS

• In a significant step toward sustainable mining and community welfare, the Ministry of Coal is set to launch the RECLAIM Framework—a structured guide to ensure inclusive mine closures and repurposing.

Union Agriculture Minister Inaugurates NSC’s State-of-the-Art Seed Processing and Packaging Unit in New Delhi

• The Union Minister of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare inaugurated a state-of-the-art seed processing and packaging unit of the National Seeds Corporation (NSC) at the Pusa Complex, New Delhi, marking a major step toward improving the supply of high-quality seeds for farmers.
• The newly inaugurated unit is designed for vegetable and flower seeds and has a processing capacity of 1 tonne per hour.

Key Highlights

• In addition to the New Delhi facility, five more NSC plants located in Bareilly, Dharwad, Hassan, Suratgarh, and Raichur were inaugurated virtually, each with a processing capacity of 4 tonnes per hour.
• The event also marked the launch of two key digital initiatives by NSC:
  – “Seed Management 2.0” system for streamlined operations.
  – An online seed-booking platform enabling farmers to order seeds directly.
• The National Seeds Corporation (NSC), established in 1963, is a public sector enterprise under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare. It is responsible for the production, processing, and distribution of certified quality seeds and for maintaining the genetic purity of foundation and breeder seeds.
• Headquartered in New Delhi, NSC operates across India to ensure the availability of high-quality seeds for diverse crops, contributing significantly to agricultural productivity and farmer welfare.
• The new facility enhances seed processing capacity, enabling NSC to meet rising demand and serve multiple regions efficiently.
• The introduction of digital systems will improve transparency, accessibility, and farmer outreach, reducing the circulation of spurious seeds and building greater farmer trust.
• The focus on vegetable and flower seeds supports the government’s emphasis on horticulture and allied sectors, which are key drivers of agricultural growth.
• This initiative aligns with national objectives such as ensuring “Seed Security,” strengthening agricultural input infrastructure, and promoting efficient and technology-driven supply chains for the farming community.

CURRENT AFFAIRS : INTERNATIONAL NEWS

20th East Asia Summit Held in Kuala Lumpur Adopts Kuala Lumpur Declaration

• The 20th East Asia Summit (EAS) was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, where the Kuala Lumpur Declaration was adopted.
• The Declaration reaffirmed the EAS’s commitment to peace, stability, and multilateral cooperation in the East Asian region.

Key Highlights :

• The Declaration highlighted the importance of exchanging information on regional development cooperation, security policies, disaster management, and regional architecture discussions.
• It reaffirmed the principles of the Kuala Lumpur Declaration 2005 and other EAS milestone declarations, ensuring continuity of commitments.
• The Declaration recognised that the region faces geopolitical tensions, economic challenges, and trans-boundary security threats, making collective collaboration
• It maintained the leaders-led, informal format of the EAS, allowing strategic discussions at the highest level.
• The Declaration emphasised the centrality of ASEAN in the regional architecture, with EAS at the apex of ASEAN-centred cooperation.
• It promoted transparent, predictable, and responsible behaviour in international relations, and urged peaceful settlement of disputes in accordance with international law.
• Cooperation was prioritised in regional development, security policy, disaster management, and the evolving regional framework to build resilience and trust.
• The Declaration holds strategic significance amid S.–China competition, maritime tensions, and new security challenges, serving as a shared reference point for regional stability.
• By endorsing structured cooperation in development, disaster management, and security, it supports the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP) and strengthens political, economic, and security linkages.
• For India, the Declaration provides a multilateral platform to engage with ASEAN, major powers, and regional partners under the EAS framework.

About East Asia Summit :

• The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a leaders-led forum for dialogue and cooperation on strategic, political, and economic issues to promote peace, stability, and prosperity in East Asia.
• The EAS was established in 2005, with the first Summit held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• It is an annual meeting of Heads of State or Government of participating countries.
• The members include ASEAN Member States, Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, United States, and Russia (total 18 members).

India and China Reaffirm Commitment to Ongoing Dialogue for Border Stability

• The 23rd round of India–China Corps Commander Level Meeting was held at the Chushul–Moldo border meeting point on the 25th of this month.
• India and China agreed to continue using existing mechanisms to resolve ground issues along the border and maintain stability.
• According to the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), the meeting was conducted in a friendly and cordial atmosphere.
• Both sides shared the view that peace and tranquillity have been maintained in their border areas.
• This was the first General Level Mechanism meeting in the Western Sector since the 24th round of Special Representatives Talks.
• The two nations acknowledged progress made since the 22nd round of Corps Commander Level Meeting held in October last year.
• The discussions reflected a mutual commitment to dialogue and the peaceful resolution of boundary issues.

CURRENT AFFAIRS : APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS

Catherine Connolly Wins Landslide to Become Ireland’s 10th President

• Catherine Connolly has been elected as the President of Ireland after a landslide victory.
• She becomes the 10th President of the Republic of Ireland, succeeding Michael D. Higgins, who completed two terms in office.
• Connolly, aged 68 and from Galway, is an Independent candidate supported by major left-wing parties.
• She pledged to be “an inclusive president for all” in her acceptance speech at Dublin Castle.
• Connolly has been a TD (Member of the Irish Parliament) since 2016.
• She won 914,143 first-preference votes (63%), the highest in Irish presidential election history.
• Heather Humphreys of Fine Gael conceded after winning 29% of first-preference votes.
• Fianna Fáil’s Jim Gavin, who had withdrawn earlier, still received 7% of first-preference votes.
• There were 213,738 spoiled votes, marking an unprecedented level in Irish elections.
• The voter turnout stood at 46%.
• Cavan–Monaghan was the only constituency won by Humphreys.

Citigroup CEO Jane Fraser Appointed as Chair of Board of Directors

• Citigroup Inc., a leading global financial institution, announced the election of Jane Fraser, its Chief Executive Officer (CEO), as the new Chair of its Board of Directors (BoD), effective October 22, 2025.
• She succeeds John Dugan, who had served as Chair since 2019.
• Jane Fraser began her career in investment banking, working in Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) at Goldman Sachs in London (UK) and later with a brokerage firm in Madrid (Spain).
• She has held several key roles at Citigroup, including Global Head of Strategy & Mergers and Acquisitions, CEO of Citi Private Bank, and CEO of Citi Latin America.
• In March 2021, she became the CEO of Citigroup, making history as the first woman to lead a major U.S. bank.

CURRENT AFFAIRS : DEFENCE NEWS

Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders and Swan Defence partner to jointly build Landing Platform Docks for the Indian Navy

• Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) and Swan Defence and Heavy Industries Ltd (SDHI) have signed an exclusive Teaming Agreement to jointly design and construct Landing Platform Docks (LPDs) for the Indian Navy.
• The agreement was formalised during India Maritime Week 2025 in Mumbai on 28 October 2025, following approval from the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC).
• Landing Platform Docks (LPDs) are large amphibious warfare ships used to transport troops, vehicles, and aircraft, and support amphibious landings, special operations, and disaster relief missions (HADR).
• MDL, under the Ministry of Defence, is India’s leading shipbuilder, while SDHI (formerly Reliance Naval Engineering Ltd) operates the Pipavav Shipyard in Gujarat, India’s largest shipbuilding facility.
• The Teaming Agreement (TA) allows both firms to combine infrastructure, expertise, and resources to deliver high-quality, indigenous LPDs, supporting the Atmanirbhar Bharat
• The DAC approval clears the acquisition of multiple LPDs for the Navy at an estimated cost of ₹33,000 crore, marking one of India’s largest indigenous naval procurement projects.
• The project aims to strengthen India’s maritime defence, enhance amphibious capabilities, and boost domestic shipbuilding and employment.
• The LPDs will be built in India with a high degree of indigenisation, leveraging local technologies and suppliers.

Indian Army signs deal to acquire first indigenous Software Defined Radios

• The Indian Army has signed a contract to procure its first indigenously designed and manufactured Software Defined Radios (SDRs), developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and produced by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).
• The new Software Defined Radios (SDRs) feature high data rates and Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) capabilities, enhancing secure, real-time communication and operational readiness in network-centric battlefields.
• The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), in collaboration with the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) and the Tri-Services, released the Indian Radio Software Architecture (IRSA) Standard 1.0 on October 6, 2025, at DRDO Bhawan, New Delhi.
• The Indian Radio Software Architecture (IRSA) is a comprehensive software specification that defines standardised interfaces, APIs, execution environments, and mechanisms for waveform portability in SDRs.
• The IRSA 1.0 standard ensures interoperability, waveform portability, and certification and conformance across all Indian military communication systems.
• The launch of IRSA marks a major milestone in India’s self-reliance in defence communication technologies, aligning with the Atmanirbhar Bharat
• The IRSA initiative began in 2021, with development starting in 2022 under a core DRDO technical team, in consultation with the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) and the armed services.
• The High-Level Advisory Committee (HLAC) approved IRSA Version 1.0 in 2025, making it India’s first national specification defining a standardised software architecture for SDRs.
• The IRSA standard is designed to evolve with future operational requirements and support integration of new technologies in military communications.

Passenger Vessel ‘Sindhu’ Completes First Voyage to India’s Only Active Volcano in Andaman Islands

• The passenger vessel ‘Sindhu’ completed its maiden voyage to Barren Island, marking a historic milestone in Andaman and Nicobar Islands’ tourism
• The voyage was flagged off by Chief Secretary Dr. Chandra Bhushan Kumar from Haddo Wharf, Port Blair

Key Highlights :

• Barren Island is located about 140 km from Port Blair and is India’s only active volcano, situated at the junction of the Indian and Burmese tectonic plates.
• The ‘Sindhu’ vessel carried 500 passengers, including 125 government school students from across the islands, sailing almost at full capacity.
• The ship reached Barren Island in the early hours of October 25, offering passengers a rare view of the glowing red volcanic crest at sunrise.
• The vessel circled the island, providing a panoramic view of volcanic activity and the sunrise, before returning to Port Blair at 3 p.m. on October 25, 2025.
• This was the first time the Union Territory Administration launched a public maritime service to Barren Island, previously accessible only to scientists or aerial observers.
• The initiative aims to promote tourism and provide controlled, safe access to one of nature’s rarest geological marvels.
• There will be two such trips every month, enabling tourists and islanders to witness the volcanic landscape of the Andaman Sea.
• The ‘Sindhu’ vessel offers four accommodation categories — Coral Suite, Reef Suite, Island Breeze, and Lagoon Class — priced between ₹3,180 and ₹8,310 per person.
• An additional ₹2,000 covers meals for the entire voyage, ensuring a comfortable maritime experience.

JAXA Launches New Unmanned Cargo Spacecraft HTV-X1 Aboard H3 Rocket

• The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) successfully launched its new unmanned cargo spacecraft, HTV-X1, aboard the H3 rocket from the Tanegashima Space Center in southern Japan.
• The HTV-X1, on its first mission, is delivering supplies to the International Space Station (ISS).
• The HTV-X is the successor to JAXA’s H-II Transfer Vehicle (Kounotori), which completed nine missions between 2009 and 2020.
• The spacecraft can carry up to 6,000 kg of cargo, supply power for cold-stored laboratory samples, and remain docked to the ISS for six months before undertaking a three-month independent mission.
• The H3 rocket, Japan’s new flagship launch vehicle, is equipped with four boosters and a larger fairing, providing enhanced payload capacity and cost efficiency.

CURRENT AFFAIRS : SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Brazilian Scientists Launch AmazonFACE Experiment to Simulate Future CO₂ Conditions in Rainforest

• Scientists in Brazil’s Amazon have launched a “time machine” experiment called AmazonFACE, which simulates future atmospheric CO₂ conditions to study climate impacts.
• The project is located near Manaus and consists of six rings of steel towers surrounding mature rainforest trees, with some exposed to elevated CO₂ levels and others serving as control samples.
• Led by the National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA) and Universidade Estadual de Campinas, the study aims to understand how tropical forests adapt to rising carbon dioxide levels.
• Findings from AmazonFACE will contribute to global climate discussions at COP30, to be held in Belem, Brazil, focusing on rainforest responses to climate change.
• Supported by Brazil’s federal government and the UK, AmazonFACE is the first large-scale tropical forest CO₂ experiment in the world.

Hurricane Melissa Becomes Jamaica’s Strongest-Ever Storm, a Historic Category 5 Event in the Caribbean

• Hurricane Melissa became the strongest storm ever to hit Jamaica, marking a historic Category 5 hurricane event in the Caribbean.
• The hurricane made landfall on 28 October 2025 near New Hope, St. Elizabeth parish in southwestern Jamaica.
• Wind speeds reached 185 mph (295 km/h), placing it at Category 5 on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, the highest classification.
• Central pressure at peak intensity was around 915 hPa, indicating extreme storm strength.
• Hurricane Melissa formed on 20 October 2025 and is expected to dissipate by early November 2025.
• The storm covered a broad wind field over 1,500 km, with a storm surge potential of up to 4 meters along low-lying coasts.
• In Jamaica, the hurricane caused massive evacuations and widespread power outages, affecting over 500,000 residents.
• Although no confirmed deaths were initially reported, the government feared casualties in cut-off regions.
• After striking Jamaica, Melissa weakened slightly to Category 4, with winds of 145 mph (233 km/h) as it moved toward eastern Cuba.
• Hurricane Melissa stands as a record-breaking and catastrophic storm, highlighting the growing intensity of tropical cyclones due to climate change and regional vulnerability.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: RANKING AND INDEX

NVIDIA, Microsoft, and Apple Join the $4 Trillion Market Capitalisation Club (October 2025)

• In October 2025, NVIDIA, Microsoft, and Apple became the only companies in the world to enter the $4 trillion market capitalisation club, underscoring the continued dominance of the U.S. technology sector.
• Despite global economic uncertainty, trade tensions, and volatile markets, these tech giants have shown remarkable growth in value.
• NVIDIA, under the leadership of CEO Jensen Huang, became the first company ever to cross the $4 trillion mark, overtaking both Microsoft and Apple earlier in the year.

Key Highlights

• Microsoft achieved this milestone in July 2025, followed by Apple, which joined the group after a sharp share-price rally in October 2025.
• Apple’s market value surged after the record-breaking launch of the iPhone 17 series in September 2025.
• Over the last three months, Apple’s shares have climbed by 25%, while Microsoft’s rose by 6%.
• Other major global players, including Alphabet (Google), Meta, Amazon, and Tesla, continue to remain strong competitors within the trillion-dollar league.

Top 10 Most Valuable Companies in the World (as of October 2025)

1. NVIDIA – $4.894 Trillion – USA
2. Microsoft – $4.029 Trillion – USA
3. Apple – $3.992 Trillion – USA
4. Alphabet (Google) – $3.239 Trillion – USA
5. Amazon – $2.444 Trillion – USA
6. Meta Platforms (Facebook) – $1.887 Trillion – USA
7. Broadcom – $1.761 Trillion – USA
8. Saudi Aramco – $1.669 Trillion – Saudi Arabia
9. TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) – $1.563 Trillion – Taiwan
10. Tesla – $1.531 Trillion – USA

India’s Position

• Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) remains India’s most valuable company, ranking 69th globally as of October 2025.
• Market Capitalisation: $230.69 billion (approximately ₹20.36 trillion).
• Reliance’s global ranking fell from 46th in 2024 due to market fluctuations and declining oil margins.

CURRENT AFFAIRS: SPORTS NEWS

England Cricketer James Anderson Knighted at Windsor Castle

• England’s legendary fast bowler James Anderson was formally knighted during an investiture ceremony at Windsor Castle.

The honour was conferred by Princess Anne in recognition of his outstanding contribution to cricket.

• The knighthood, announced earlier as part of Rishi Sunak’s resignation honours list (April 2025), celebrates Anderson’s exceptional career of excellence, longevity, and record-breaking achievements.
• Anderson retired from international cricket in July 2024 at Lord’s, concluding a 21-year-long career (2003–2024) during which he played 188 Test matches, the most by any pace bowler.
• He finished with 704 Test wickets, making him:
  – The highest wicket-taker in England’s Test history
  – The most successful fast bowler in world cricket
  – Third overall behind Muttiah Muralitharan (800) and Shane Warne (708)
• In One-Day Internationals (ODIs), Anderson took 269 wickets, which remains the highest by any English bowler, despite his last white-ball appearance in 2015.
• A knighthood is one of the highest civilian honours in the United Kingdom, conferred by the monarch to individuals for exceptional service or achievement in fields such as arts, science, public life, or sport.
• Recipients of this honour are titled “Sir” or “Dame” and are recognised as Knights Bachelor or members of the Order of the British Empire.
• Post-retirement, Anderson continued to play domestic cricket for Lancashire (2024), contributing to the team’s success in T20 competitions and helping them reach Finals Day at Edgbaston.
• He also signed a wildcard contract with Manchester Originals in The Hundred and remains in discussions to continue playing in the 2025 season.
• By receiving a knighthood, Sir James Anderson joins an elite list of cricketers honoured for their services to the sport, celebrated for his discipline, mentorship, and enduring impact on the global cricketing community.

Daily CA One- Liner: October 30

• The Government of India is undertaking a major reform in the classification and performance assessment of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) to enhance their competitiveness, accountability, and alignment with national goals under Vision 2047
• The Uttar Pradesh Government has announced the formation of a new district named Kalyan Singh Nagar in honour of former Chief Minister Kalyan Singh, a prominent leader in the state’s political history
• The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW) unveiled the official logo of the National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC) during the India Maritime Week 2025 celebrations held in
• The Ministry of Coal will launch “Koyla Shakti – Smart Coal Analytics Dashboard”, marking a major advancement towards digital governance in the energy sector
• The Union Minister of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare inaugurated a state-of-the-art seed processing and packaging unit of the National Seeds Corporation (NSC) at the Pusa Complex, New Delhi, marking a major step toward improving the supply of high-quality seeds for farmers.
• In October 2025, NVIDIA, Microsoft, and Apple became the only companies in the world to enter the $4 trillion market capitalisation club, underscoring the continued dominance of the U.S. technology sector
• England’s legendary fast bowler James Anderson was formally knighted during an investiture ceremony at Windsor Castle.
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released draft guidelines allowing banks to extend acquisition finance only to listed Indian companies with satisfactory net worth and profitability for the last three years.
• India’s industrial sector showed resilience in September 2025, with the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) growing by 0% year-on-year, according to the National Statistical Office (NSO).
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has accelerated gold repatriation, bringing home nearly 64 tonnes in the half-year to September 2025 amid global concerns over offshore sovereign asset safety.
• Japanese fintech firm JPYC Inc. launched the world’s first Yen-pegged stablecoin “JPYC” maintaining a 1:1 peg with the Japanese Yen (JPY).
• Government securities (G-Secs) are instruments issued by the Government to raise public loans or for other notified purposes.
• The 20th East Asia Summit (EAS) was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, where the Kuala Lumpur Declaration was adopted.
• The 23rd round of India–China Corps Commander Level Meeting was held at the Chushul–Moldo border meeting point on the 25th of this month.
• Catherine Connolly has been elected as the President of Ireland after a landslide victory.
• Citigroup Inc., a leading global financial institution, announced the election of Jane Fraser, its Chief Executive Officer (CEO), as the new Chair of its Board of Directors (BoD), effective October 22, 2025.
• Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) and Swan Defence and Heavy Industries Ltd (SDHI) have signed an exclusive Teaming Agreement to jointly design and construct Landing Platform Docks (LPDs) for the Indian Navy.
• The Indian Army has signed a contract to procure its first indigenously designed and manufactured Software Defined Radios (SDRs), developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and produced by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).
• The passenger vessel ‘Sindhu’ completed its maiden voyage to Barren Island, marking a historic milestone in Andaman and Nicobar Islands’ tourism development.
• The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) successfully launched its new unmanned cargo spacecraft, HTV-X1, aboard the H3 rocket from the Tanegashima Space Center in southern Japan.
• Scientists in Brazil’s Amazon have launched a “time machine” experiment called AmazonFACE, which simulates future atmospheric CO₂ conditions to study climate impacts.
• Hurricane Melissa became the strongest storm ever to hit Jamaica, marking a historic Category 5 hurricane event in the Caribbean.

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